Chapter 20

1. Chapter 20 The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

2. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain • Origins • Agricultural revolution • New methods of farming & breeding increased food production • British families saved $ on food, so they could now buy manufactured goods • Population growth and surplus of labor • Capital for investment • Britain had money to invest in industrialized machines • Advanced banking and credit system – developed financial system • Entrepreneur spirit in Great Britain • Entrepreneurs sought and accepted new profitable manufacturing methods

3. Mineral resources • Supply of coal & iron ore needed to run machines • Short distances for shipping resources • Private and public investment built up infrastructure • Roads, bridges, canals, railroads etc. • Government favorable to business • Stable govn’t and enforced property rights • Little restrictions on private enterprise • Markets • Vast colonial empire provided a market for manufactured goods

4. Possible Test Question • Britain’s emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following except • A rapid population growth and a surplus pool of labor. • The agricultural revolution of the eighteenth century. • A ready supply of domestic and colonial markets. • Parliament’s heavy and controlling involvements in private enterprise. • A developed financial system.

5. Possible Test Question • The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following except • Canals. • Roads. • Bridges. • Internal customs posts. • Railroads.

6. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization • Cotton Industry • Richard Arkwright’s Water frame – use of hydro power • Crompton’s mule • Combined aspects of the water frame & the Spinning Jenny to increase yarn production • Hargreaves’ spinning jenny – created cheap mass quantities of yarn • Edmund Cartwright’s power looms, 1787 • Allowed weaving of cloth to catch up with spinning of yarn • Water powered machines made rivers key locations for production

7. Possible Test Question • Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cotton manufacturing? • Arkwright’s water frame. • Hargreaves’ spinning jenny. • Cartwright’s power loom. • A and B. • All of the above.

8. The Steam engine • James Watt (1736-1819) • Developed the steam engine powered by coal which increased productivity • Initially developed to pump water from mines • Watt later developed a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton • Steam engines did not need to be located by rivers - development of factories • Coal production quadrupled from 1815 to 1850 to keep up with demand • Factories could run around the clock

9. Possible Test Question • The invention of the steam engine in Britain was initially triggered by • The textile industry’s demand for new sources of power. • Problems in the mining industry. • The railroad industry’s call for a more efficient source of power. • The need for a more efficient mode of power for English ships. • C and D.

10. Water Frame Water frame powered by wheel Water wheel

11. Spinners Crompton’s Mule – combined water frame & spinning Jenny Spinning Jenny- multiple spindles off of one wheel

12. The Iron Industry • Puddling, melting the iron, stirring it, and forming it into bars • Developed by Henry Cort • Produced a higher quality iron • A Revolution in Transportation: Railroad • Richard Trevithick’s locomotive • 1st Steam powered • George Stephenson’s Rocket • 1st public railway line (32 miles long) went 16MPH • Britain was the European leader in civil and mechanical engineering • The Industrial Factory • Workers were wage earners instead of entrepreneurs • Workers were forced to work regular hours in shifts • Major change from agrarian work • Workers were disciplined with fines, dismissal or beatings

13. Possible Test Question • The development of such superior locomotives as the Rocket, used on the first public railway lines, is attributed to • Timothy Faulkner • George Stephenson. • Richard Trevithick. • Walter Zofrin. • Ian Botham.

14. Possible Test Question • The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in • Increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering. • Increasing the size of markets and the price of goods. • Bringing about the demise of joint-stock companies. • Defeating Napoleon. • Making London a great port city.

15. A Boulton and Watt Steam Engine

16. Railroad Line from Liverpool to Manchester “Rocket”

17. A British Textile Factory

18. The Great Exhibition: Britain in 1851 • Crystal Palace • Covered 19 acres, 100,000 exhibits • Showcased products of the industrial revolution • Great Exhibition • Displayed Britain’s wealth • Britain: “workshop, banker, and trader of the world” • It produced ½ of the world’s coal & manufactured goods • By 1851, Britain’s cotton industry was equal to all other European countries combined

19. Possible Test Question • The Great Exhibition of 1851 • Showed how the Industrial Revolution had produced wealth from the coal mines of England. • Displayed Great Britain’s industrial wealth to the world. • Was housed in the Royal Palace, a tribute to French engineering skills. • Showed British agricultural technology to the world. • Was modeled upon the Parisian Exhibition of 1815.

20. Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in Britain by 1850

21. The Pace of Industrialization on the Continent • Obstacles to Rapid Industrialization • Lack of a transportation system • Didn’t have good roads or river transit • Upheavals of war • French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars • Weakened political and social stability • Loss of manpower • Traditional habits of business • Guild restrictions, toll stations

22. Possible Test Question • One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of • Banking facilities. • Roads and means of transportation. • Manpower. • Capital for investment. • Lack of ambition.

23. Government’s Role • Spurs to Industrialization • Borrowing of techniques and practices • Until 1825, British artisans were prohibited from leaving the country • Government support – larger role in industrialization in Continental Europe • provided technical education, awarded grants to inventors, funded factories, improved infrastructure, imposed tariffs • Joint-stock investment banks • Continental banks began investing money in railroads, mines, factories with limited liability to their shareholders

24. Possible Test Question • One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that • Government played a larger role in British industrialization. • Britain relied upon railroads while Continental nations primarily made use of rivers and canals. • Government played a larger role in Continental industrialization. • Continental industrialization relied more upon textile manufacturing than did Britain. • None of the above.

25. The Spread of Industrialization • Centers of Continental Industrialization • Continental Europe was a decade behind Great Britain • Centered around cotton manufacturing • Began first in: • Belgium • France • Germany • Impact of the steam engine • Iron and coal for heavy industry in Germany and France • Belgium and Germany were the first Continental countries to develop comprehensive railroad systems

26. Industrial Revolution in the U.S. Borrowing from Britain • Samuel Slater- British immigrant who used water-powered spinning machines to establish the first textile factory in US in 1790 • American system – use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing • Transportation network • Due to geographic size, transportation was a key factor in U.S. industrialization • Most important development was the railroad • US had 100 miles of track in 1830 • By 1860 they had 27,000 miles of track • U.S. moved from rural to urban • Labor • European immigrants provided a cheap labor force • Unskilled labor pool forced capital-intensive industrialization (owners had to invest in machines to compensate) • Women were employed in textile mills and factories • Industrialization didn’t provide social mobility • By 1860, wealthiest 10% controlled 70 to 80% of wealth compared to 50% of the wealth in 1800

27. Possible Test Question • The initial application of machinery to production in the United States was • Entirely the result of American inventors and inventions. • By borrowing from Great Britain. • By learning from the mistakes made in France and doing the opposite. • To use only adult males as factory workers. • To employ slaves in the new southern cotton mills.

28. Possible Test Question • By 1860 what percent of the population in cities held 70 to 80% of the wealth in America? • 10 percent • 25 percent • 40 percent • 60 percent • 80 percent

29. Possible Test Question • The so-called American System was • High tariffs to protect new industries. • The use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing. • A common market for the western hemisphere. • Free trade and the absence of tariffs. • Wage and price controls.

30. Map 20.2: The Industrialization of Europe by 1850

31. Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Nonindustrialized World • Deliberate policy to prevent growth of mechanized industry • Eastern Europe remained largely rural and agricultural • Exported raw materials for manufactured goods • India spinners and handloom weavers were put out of work • Britain imported cheap manufactured goods which undermined home made businesses in the colonies

32. The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution • Population Growth • Decline of the death rate (famine, epidemics, war) & increase in food supply • Agricultural revolution all but ended famine • By 1850, European population was over 265 million • The Great Hunger (Exception to increase in food supply) • Irish population growth • Grew from 4 to 8 million between 1781 & 1845 • Reliance on the potato • Potato crop fails, 1845-1851 • Over 1 million died of starvation and disease • Over 2 million emigrated to U.S. • Ireland became the only European nation with a declining population in the 19th century

33. Emigration close to a million Germans also moved • The Growth of Cities • Rapid, unplanned, growth • Move from rural to urban – left the countryside looking for work in cities • Direct result of industrialization

34. Possible Test Question • By 1850, the European population • Could not be closely approximated as government statistics were not yet kept. • Was close to figures from 1800. • Was over 50 million. • Was over 150 million. • Was over 265 million.

35. Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution • Cities and suburbs • Sprang up fast with little planning • Quickly became overcrowded • Unsanitary conditions • Waste flowed through the gutters • Crowding • Rise in prostitution, crime, & sexual immorality • Adulteration of food • Chemicals were added to food and drinks were watered down • Urban Reformers • Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890) • Advocated a system of modern sanitary reform • Resulted in first Public Health Act • Use of drainage - sewers • Piped water

36. Possible Test Question • Edwin Chadwick • Was a leader in expressing the dislike of the middle class for the working poor. • Wrote the Treatise on the Iron Law of Wages. • Advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain’s first Public Health Act. • Was representative of the new entrepreneurial, industrial class. • Opposed any and all government involvement in economic and social issues.

37. New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class • The New Industrial Entrepreneurs • Industrialists emerge as a dominant industrial class • Challenges of industrialization • Resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds • Members of dissenting religious minorities prominent • Many religions were exempt from public office so they focused their attention on business • Participation of aristocrats in Britain • Significance • Rise of the new business aristocracy • Grew to significance that would rival the landed aristocracy

38. New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age • Factory workers a minority of the working class • Artisans and Craftspeople: largest group of urban workers in the first half of the century • Working Conditions • Cotton mills – worst conditions due to heat and hazardous air • Coal mines • Child labor – low paid and small size made them ideal to work with large machines • Pauper apprentices- orphans • Women – did not affect overall gender relationships in regards to women working across social classes

39. Standards of Living • Benefited the middle class • More disparity between wealth of upper and lower classes • Led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes

40. Efforts at Change • Efforts at Change: The Workers • Robert Owen (1771-1858), Utopian Socialism • Social reformer who pushed to unite unions • Advocated an 8 hour work day • Workers looked to form unions • Luddites • skilled craftspeople who attacked the machines they believed threatened their livelihoods (British) • The People’s Charter (Chartists) British Workers movement • Demanded universal male suffrage, payment for members of Parliament, elimination of property requirements for members of Parliament & annual sessions of Parliament • Attempted to institute change by peaceful, constitutional means • Provided working-class with sense of consciousness

41. Possible Test Question • The Luddites • Received little support in their areas of activity. • Destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood. • Were composed of the lowest unskilled workers in Great Britain. • Was the first movement of working-class consciousness of the Continent. • Demanded the establishment of a socialist economy.

42. Possible Test Question • The Chartist movement in Britain • Was the skilled craftsmen’s attempt to destroy industrial machinery. • Gave millions of working-class men and women a sense of working-class consciousness. • Coerced Parliament into instituting universal male suffrage. • Led to violent revolution. • Ended with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne.

43. Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government • Factory Act of 1833 • No more than 12 hour work days for kids • Required daily education for kids • Coal Mines Act, 1842 • Eliminated employment of women and children in mines • Factories would be inspected and fined