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Chapter 18: The Roaring Twenties

Chapter 18: The Roaring Twenties. 1920-1929. Introduction: To Do (34 pts):. Define 7 terms “Top 10” people – identify / what were they famous for? 5 ways cars changed the economy. 18.1: A time of Prosperity. Terms.

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Chapter 18: The Roaring Twenties

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  1. Chapter 18: The Roaring Twenties 1920-1929

  2. Introduction: To Do (34 pts): • Define 7 terms • “Top 10” people – identify / what were they famous for? • 5 ways cars changed the economy

  3. 18.1: A time of Prosperity

  4. Terms • Assembly line: a system in which each worker does a different job in putting together a product • Installment Plan: the payment of money over time toward the total cost of the item • Mass Media: the communications that reach large numbers of people

  5. Remember? • The US had just exited WWI… • Nation was at peace • Economy was healthy • Americans = starting to enjoy the good times

  6. A short Term as President • Warren G. Harding (1920) • Ordinary man • Could return the US to prewar times • From OHIO • Cabinet selection: • Some were honest and capable • Some were chosen because they were friends • What’s the problem with hiring friends?

  7. A short Term as President • 1923: Congress examining friends’ actions • Harding was worried, but became ill • August 2, 1923 – Harding dies • Calvin Coolidge becomes President • Scandal uncovered: Albert Fall • Secretary of the Interior • Two oil executives had bribed Fall to get secret leases • Land in California, Teapot Dome in Wyoming • Found guilty, went to jail

  8. Cars Change the Economy • Americans wanted to build a rich country • Congress began passing laws • Let businesses grow larger • Salaries went up / prices went down • People were able to buy more things • Model T. Ford = “Tin Lizzie” = Henry Ford • Worked used an assembly line • Cars could be built faster • Lower cost • More people could afford

  9. Cars Change the Economy • Steel, rubber, glass, oil industries all grew • Meet the needs of automobile builders • Americans found new jobs • Selling, repairing, parking, driving cars • Miles of new roads were built • New businesses were built • Diners, motels, stores, gas stations • People began to move to the suburbs • Did not have to live where you worked

  10. Americans Spend More • Assembly line revolutionized the economy • Washing machines • Toasters • Refrigerators • Some products cost more than people could afford • Enter in: Installment Plans • Let everyone be able to purchase more • Down payment / monthly payments

  11. Americans Spend More • More industries grew • Advertising • Consumers NEEDED certain products • New products make everyone happier • Began appearing in mass media • Radios • Billboards • Magazines • Newspapers

  12. To Do • Pg. 337 (1-3) • USE COMPLETE SENTENCES FOR FULL CREDIT • Pg. 338 (1-2) • Exercise 75

  13. 18.2: Good times for many

  14. Terms • Jazz: a kind of music created by African Americans in the South in the early 1900s • Renaissance: a time of new interest and activity in the arts

  15. Prosperity: • 1920s: • Time of prosperity / change for many people • More people had wealth / luxury • High hopes for the future • Should sports stars / celebrities be role models?

  16. Popular Entertainment • 1920s was a time to enjoy life • Carefree times = “Roaring Twenties” • Also known as the Jazz Age • Music • Jazz gained popularity • Drums, piano, banjo, horns – all used • Went from New Orleans to Chicago / New York • Louis Armstrong • Jelly Roll Morton • Bessie Smith • Music was popular with African Americans and whites

  17. Popular Entertainment • Radio • KDKA – 1st radio station • Pittsburgh, PA • 1922: +500 radio stations • 1st – mostly music • News reports • Sports reports • Children’s stories • Movies • California’s climate was ideal for movies • Hollywood became movie capital of the world • People went once a week to the movies • Westerns • Romances • Adventures • Comedies • 1st – No sound • Background music • Lyrics were written on cards / shown on screen • 1927: 1st talkie • “The Jazz Singer”

  18. Popular Entertainment • Books and Magazines • Many writers were horrified by WWI • Criticized Americans for caring too much about money and fun • Some even moved out of the US • Became expatriates • F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby • Characters were always looking for wealth and success • Ernest Hemmingway, The Sun also Rises • Wartime experiences, sports, travel

  19. Popular Entertainment • Books and Magazines • Many magazines were 1st published in the 1920s • Time – read for news • Saturday Evening Post – read for stories

  20. Popular Entertainment • Sports • Boxing = Jack Dempsey • Swimming = Gertrude Ederle • College Football = Red Grange • Baseball = Babe Ruth • Greatest hero of the decade: • May 1927 – Charles Lindbergh (Lucky Lindy) • Flew alone across the Atlantic Ocean • New York to Paris with no map, parachute, or radio • Opened the door to new flying possibilities

  21. The Harlem Renaissance • African Americans moved North in the 1920s • Often came to Harlem (in NYC) • Were free to express themselves • Harlem Renaissance • Used literature and art to show racial pride • Spoke out against racial discrimination

  22. The Harlem Renaissance • CounteeCullen • Won prizes for his poetry • Experiences of African Americans • Taught in a Harlem high school

  23. The Harlem Renaissance • Langston Hughes • “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” – published after high school • Best known poet of the Renaissance • Encouraged African Americans to be proud of their heritage • Protested racism and violence against African Americans • Wrote poems, plays, short stories, essays

  24. The Harlem Renaissance • Claude McKay • From Jamaica • Condemned lynchings and mob violence after WWI • Zora Neale Hurston • Novels, essays, short stories • Tried to preserve folklore • Traveled to collect folk takes, songs, prayers • Mules and Men

  25. The Mass Culture of the 1920s

  26. Women in the 1920s • New freedoms • Turned away from traditional roles • Cut hair short • Wore short dresses • Began smoking / drinking in public

  27. Women in the 1920s • Why these changes? • 19thAmendment – women had the right to vote in all elections • Women could hold public offices • Nellie Tayloe Ross (WY governor) • Miriam A. Ferguson (TX governor) • Women kept working outside of the house • New appliances made lives easier • Books / music / art helped them to think differently • More decided to go to college

  28. Women in the 1920s • Women were still not treated the same as men • Employed? • General belief – would work until married • Women were not trained for some jobs • Were paid less than men • Women still became doctors / lawyers • Hospitals and law offices refused to hire women

  29. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • Alice Paul: • Noted women still lacked many legal rights (earning control) • Proposed the ERA • Complete equality of rights across the United States • Some thought the ERA would cause women to lose some legal protections • Amendment passed, never ratified

  30. To Do • Pg. 342 (1-2) • Pg. 343 (1-3) • Exercise 76 • Bonus points (complete sentences): When was the first radio broadcast? What was announced?

  31. 18.3: A Time of change

  32. Terms • Inflation: a sharp rise in the price of goods • Deport: to force a person who is not a citizen to leave the country by government order

  33. Discussion • Should returning veterans be able to get their jobs back? • 1920s still had problems • Many Americans were without jobs • Prices were rising • Fear of immigrants led to violence • Violence against African Americans continued in the South

  34. Economic Problems • Veterans returned home after WWI • Jobs were already filled • Factories also did not need as many workers • No more need for military supplies • Other problems • People were eager to spend money – businesses could not keep up with demand • Prices began to rise (fewer goods) • Bad feelings between owners and workers • Workers wanted wages to keep up with inflation

  35. Growing Fears • Economy was growing worse • Feared workers who went on strike • Strikers? Under control of Communists • Communists – had taken control of Russia in 1917 • Government should control all businesses and property • Was there going to be a Communist takeover in the US? • 6,000 people were arrested in 1920

  36. Growing Fears • Arrested? Communist (true or false…) • Hundreds were deported • Immigrant hatred: • Were taking jobs from Americans • People called for laws limited immigration • 1921: only 357,000 immigrants permitted per year • The door to the US was almost shut

  37. The Great Migration • 1910-1930: African Americans moved North • Settled in cities: New York, Detroit, Chicago, Philadelphia • Left because: • Unfair working conditions • Sharecroppers had to pay for the right to farm lands • Farming was difficult • Floods / long spells of dry weather • Segregation laws • Separate schools, restaurants, restrooms, drinking fountains

  38. The Great Migration • Hoped for a better life in the North • Higher pay in factory jobs • Still made less than white workers • Violence: • Ku Klux Klan – terrorist group • Spread fear among African Americans • Men in hoods attacked in the South, Midwest, West • Fought back: • Formed groups to increase racial pride • Churches, social clubs, businesses

  39. To Do • Pg. 345 – critical thinking – Sacco and Vanzetti • Pg. 347 (1-3) • Exercise 77

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