Complex Sentence

1. Complex Sentence Definition Independent Clause  An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, expresses a complete thought, and can stand alone as a sentence. Dependent Clause  A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, does not express a complete thought, and cannot stand alone as a sentence. Complex Sentence  A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Subordinate Clause  A dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction. Since subordinate clauses are adverbial, they may appear at the beginning or end of a complex sentence.

2. Table of Subordinating Conjunctions • (Source: Klammer, Thomas P., Shultz, Muriel R., Della Volpe, Angela. Analyzing English Grammar. Pearson Education, 2007.)

3. Exercise Find out the subordinate clause • John tried hard to finish his work, though it seemed an impossible task. • I will pay you back as soon as I get the money. • Until I started going to class regularly, I performed poorly on the weekly quizzes. • Even though she had a ten-page paper to write, Mary went to the movies with friends. • Before he was a famous writer, John Steinbeck was a maintenance man. • After she graduates this year, Julie will work in her father’s law firm.

4. Punctuating Complex Sentences with Subordinating Conjunctions If a subordinate clause appears at the beginning of a complex sentence, it must be separated from the independent clause by a comma. Example: After she finished her homework, Monica went shopping. In general, if a subordinate clause appears after the independent clause in a compound sentence, no comma is needed. Example: Monica went shopping after she finished her homework.

5. Noun clause derived from statement A noun clause does the work of a noun . It answers question Who? or What?. He told me his success. (told me about what?): His success Noun Phrase. He told me that he had succeeded. (…what): that he had succeeded  Noun Clause. Introducing noun clause statements with That after: Some adjectives : It’s obvious that he’s going to be late. Some nouns : It’s a pity that he’s going to be late. Some verbs : I know that he’s going to be late. Using a noun after “reporting verbs” like say, tell (me), think, know. We can omit that. Instead of: I know that he’s going to be late.We can say: I know he’s going to be late.

6. Complete these sentences with noun clause • He feels angry. It’s not surprising (that) he feels angry. • You don’t trust me. It’s annoying ... • She’s upset. I’m sorry … • He didn’t get the contract. He told me… • she’s been a fool. She agrees …

7. Noun clause derived from question • Yes-no question Has he signed the contract?  yes/no question We can change is as a noun clause after if/whether. Use reporting verbs like ask, tell me, want to know. Example: Tell me if he has signed the contract. Ask him whether he has signed it. • Question-word question When did you sign the contract?  word question. We can change is as a noun clause after tell me, I want to know . The word order changes back to Subject + Verb and we don’t use a question mark. Example: Tell me when you signed the contract. (not *Tell me when did you sign the contract*)

8. Complex Sentence with Relative Pronouns Examples: He is the man who/that lives here. That ‘s the cat which/that lives next door. Here are some photos which/that show my car. He is the man whom I met. * He is the man whom I met him.

9. Join these sentences using who, whom or which • He’s the accountant. He does my account. • She’s the nurse. She looked after me. • They are secretaries. They work in our office. • That’s magazine. It arrived this morning • They’re the postcards. I sent them from Spain. • They are the workmen. I paid them for the job. • They are the birds. I fed them this morning.

10. Whom/which as object preposition The position of preposition in relative clauses is very important. • He is the person towhom I wrote. (never *to who) (very formal). • This is the panin which I boiled the milk. (very formal) • He is the person whom I wrote to. This is the pan which I boiled the milk in. However, we usually prefer to omit the relative and say: • He is the person I wrote to. This is the pan I boiled the milk in.

11. Join each pair of sentence in three different ways • He’s the man. I sent the money to him. He’s the man whom I sent the money to. He’s the man to whom I sent the money He’s the man I sent the money to. • She’s the nurse. I gave the flower to her. • Tha’s the chair. I sat on it. • He’s the boy. I bought this toy for him. . • That’s the building. I passed by it.

12. Complex sentence “whose” Use whose in place of possessive adjectives (my, your, his, etc)/ its or with preposition to refer to people. Example: • He’s the man whose car was stolen. • That’s the house whose windows were broken. • He’s the man whose house the pictures were stolen from.

13. Complex sentence time, place, manner Time (past reference)  when, after, as, as soon as, before, by the time (that), once, since, until, while. Example: When we visited London, we went tothe Tower. Time (future reference)  use simple present after: after, as soon as, before, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment, till/until and when. Example: The owens will move to a new flat when the baby is born. Place  where, wherever, anywhere, andeverywhere. Example: This is the exact spot where the accident happened. Manner as, (in) the way (that), (in) the same way, as if/as thoughExample: Type this again in the way I showed you.

14. Complex Sentence : Reason and Contrast

15. Complex Sentence: Purpose, Result, and Comparison

16. Complex Sentence: Present Participle Construction We can sometimes omit who or which + is/are when we use the present progressive. Instead of: The man who is serving at the counter is very helpful. We can say: The man serving at the counter is very helpful. We can sometimes use –ing in place of who or which + simple present: Instead of: This job will suit students who want to work during the holidays. We can say: This job will suit students wanting to worj during the holidays.

17. Underline the words you can delete and/or change to use –ing • The place which is flying overhead is traveling north. • The candidates who are sitting for this examination are all graduates • The woman who is waiting to see you has applied for a job here. • Customers who complain about the service should see the manager. • there’s a pension scheme for people who work for this company. • There’s someone who is knocking at the door.

18. Past Participle Construction • Play – Played – Played (Regular Verb) • Build - Built – Built (Irregelar verb) Examples: • We can omit who/ which  The system used here is very successful. (which is used) • The vegetables sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.