Essential Question : How was China affected by global changes during the Qing Dynasty?

1. Essential Question: • How was China affected by global changes during the Qing Dynasty? • Warm-Up Question: • ?

2. A Review of Chinese History • From ancient times to 1900, China was the most dominant & influential society in Asia • Chinese culture spread to surrounding neighbors, including Korea & Japan • China was one of the most innovative cultures in world history by developing technologies such as, compass, printing, silk, paper, & gunpowder • Chinese civilization is unique in world history because of its continuity over 4,000 years of history

3. Quick Class Discussion: What elements of Chinese culture remained constant over the course of Chinese history (from 3000 B.C. to 1900 A.D.)?

4. Core Ideas Across Chinese History China was isolated from outsiders by deserts & the Himalayan Mountains This isolation led the Chinese to refer to themselves as the “Middle Kingdom”, thought of outsiders as barbarians, & rarely traded with foreign merchants

5. Core Ideas Across Chinese History China was ruled by emperors who claimed the Mandate of Heaven (approval of the gods) Dynasties could be overthrown if they lost the mandate of heaven, called the dynastic cycle Since the Classical Era of the Han Dynasty, Chinese government was run effectively by educated bureaucrats because of the examination system

6. Core Ideas Across Chinese History Rather than following a major world religion, China was influenced by the ethical system of Confucianism Buddhism was introduced & spread through China during the Han Dynasty

7. Core Ideas Across Chinese History Chinese luxury goods spread through Asia & Europe across the Silk Road China was a reluctant trade nation, but it was the trend setter as other Asian nations adopted Chinese writing, gov’t, & artistic styles

8. Review of Chinese Dynasties Eras in Chinese history are named after the dynasties that were in power; Each of these dynasties added unique contributions in Chinese history

9. River Valley Era (5000-1700 B.C.) China began along the unpredictable Yellow & Yangtze Rivers but only 10% of China is suitable for farming

10. Qin Dynasty (316-206 B.C.) China’s first emperor (Qin Shi Huang-di) came to power, gave “China” its name, & built the Great Wall to protect from northern invasions

11. Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) China became an empire for the first time & entered the Classical Era during the Han Dynasty The Silk Road began Chinese artisans mastered silk & paper making The Confucian Examination System began Buddhism was first introduced & began to spread

12. Tang & Song Dynasties (618-1279) China experienced a “golden age” was the most powerful & advanced country in the world during the Tang & Song Dynasties of the post-classical era For the 1st time, foreign trade was encouraged A series of advanced inventions were developed, like gunpowder, compass, printing press, vaccines

13. Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) In 1279, Genghis’ grandson Kublai Khan became the first foreign leader to rule China; The Mongols created the Yuan Dynasty Marco Polo’s visit during the Yuan Dynasty increased European demand for Chinese goods During the Pax Mongolica, the Silk Road was protected & trade with China increased

14. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) During the Ming Dynasty Chinese rule was restored, emperors encouraged foreign trade & exploration (Zheng He) for the first & only time in history To protect Ming emperors from future invasions, the Forbidden City was built in Beijing that no one other than royalty or approved bureaucrats could enter

15. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) In 1644, northern invaders from Manchuria conquered China & created the second foreign dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty • Text Forced Chinese men to wear their hair in a pigtail as a sign of submission to their rule Made the frontiers safe and restored China’s prosperity. During this era of Manchu rule, China grew to its largest size by claiming Taiwan, central Asia, Mongolia, & Tibet

16. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) Like the era of Mongol rule, Chinese rejected & led rebellions against their Manchu rulers Kangxi was the first emperor to tour China & visit peasant villages • Text But, Emperor Kangxi earned Chinese respect by keeping Confucian beliefs, lowering taxes, & restoring peace and prosperity to China Kangxi & later Manchu rulers returned China to isolationism by restoring strict adherence to the “Middle Kingdom”

17. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) But, Qing China faced 2 important challenges that would threaten China’s future strength The introduction of new American crops like corn & sweet potatoes led to a dramatic increase in the Chinese population • Text The sharp rise in the number of Chinese peasants would lead to competition for land & peasant uprisings

18. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) But, Qing China faced 2 important challenges that would threaten China’s future strength • Text Europeans arrived with superior military technology, demanded that China trade with them, & refused to accept Chinese customs European missionaries & merchants arrived in Asia eager to gain access into China

19. Activity: Advice to Kangxi • Imagine that you are an advisor to the Manchu emperor Kangxi & give suggestions as to how to deal with China’s problems • Working with a partner, identify China’s 2 major problems during the Qing Dynasty; Write these on one side of an index card • On the same side of the card, brainstorm at least 3 potential solutions to each problem • Rank order these potential solutions • On the other side of the card, offer your best solution for each problem

20. The Qing Dynasty • King George III asks for a better trade arrangement • representative Lord George McCartney refuses to kowtow the emperor • Qian-long denies Britain’s request • Why was the kowtow ritual important to the Chinese emperor?

21. Quick Write: • What were the characteristics & causes of Japanese feudalism? • What foreign group ruled China during the Qing Dynasty? • What two major challenges did China face during Kangxi’s reign as emperor of China?

22. Geography of Japan Japan is a series of islands off the coasts of Korea & China Like Greece, Japan was divided by mountains & had few areas for farming Before 400 A.D., Japan was not a unified nation but was ruled by hundreds of different family clans Japan’s island location provided protection from Chinese & Mongol invasions… …but Japan was close enough to borrow cultural ideas from China

23. Japan’s isolation gave rise to a unique Japanese culture, most specifically the Shinto religion Shinto is a polytheistic religion based on the respect of nature & ancestor worship Shinto worshipers believed in divine spirits called kami that live in nature The most important of the Shinto gods is the sun goddess who gave light to the world Amaterasu: Sun Goddess

24. As Japan had more contact with Asia, it adopted Chinese culture & ideas Unlike China, Japanese emperors often did not have power over clan leaders; Japan often had an emperor figurehead & a clan ruler with true power Japan adopted the Chinese idea of an emperor & rule by dynasties; The first Japanese emperor was said to have descended from the sun goddess Japan tried, but failed, to model the Chinese examination system for gov’t officials

25. Japan adopted Confucianism & blended Chinese styles of writing, architecture, & art Chinese landscape art Chinese architecture Chinese writing Japanese landscape art Japanese architecture Japanese writing

26. In the mid-700s Buddhism was introduced in Japan from China & Korea Buddhism was accepted by Japanese emperors, but in Japanese society, Buddhism & Shinto blended An example of religious blending was Zen Buddhism

27. Classical Japan during the Heian Period From 794-1185, Japan entered a classical era during the Heian Period • ? During this time, the imperial gov’t was strong & Japan experienced an era of peace and prosperity Japan developed a “golden age” in poetry, art, & literature

28. Japanese Feudalism By the mid-1000s, the imperial gov’t grew weak, regional landowners gained power, & Japan became lawless & dangerous • ? Outlaws attacked farmers & pirates attacked the coast Rival clans competed for power & threw Japan into a series of civil wars

29. Quick Class Discussion:Based on these images, how were Japanese & European feudal systems similar?

30. Japanese Feudalism As a result, Japan developed a feudal system Farmers traded land to strong warlords called daimyo who offered protection Daimyo were served by loyal warriors called samurai The emperor had little power

31. Japanese Feudalism Samurai warriors were usually relatives or dependents of daimyo, although some were hired warriors called Ronin Samurai warriors lived by a code of Bushido which demanded courage, loyalty, deity, fairness, & honor Samurai were skilled swordsmen, but also used horses & guns (after the arrival of Europeans)

32. Japanese Feudalism In 1192, the first shogun was named by the emperor • Text The emperor remained in place, but the shogun held real power & ruled as military dictators Shoguns’ power varied over time, but the pattern of gov’t controlled by a shogun lasted until 1867

33. Activity • Who were the military leaders, landowners, & warriors in medieval Europe & feudal Japan? • How were they alike? • How were they different?

34. Essential Question: • What roles did Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, & Tokugawa Ieyasu, play in unifying Japan? • Name three ways Japanese feudalism was similar to European feudalism.

35. From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu

36. From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu In 1568, a brutal daimyo named Oda Nobunaga conquered the Japanese capital of Kyoto Oda seized power by force, was the first to use guns effectively, & eliminated Buddhist rivals that refused to accept rule by the emperor By the time of his death in 1582, Japan was not unified

37. From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu Oda Nobunaga’s best general was Toyotomi Hideyoshi who took over after Oda’s death Toyotomi was resourceful & not ruthless like Oda; He used political alliances, adoption, & marriage to gain power over the daimyo By 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi controlled most of Japan & tried unsuccessfully to conquer Korea

38. From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu After Toyotomi ‘s death in 1598, one of his daimyo allies named Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification of Japan in 1600 In 1603, Tokugawa became shogun of Japan, moved to capital to Edo (later called Tokyo), & restored gov’t & order to Japan Tokugawa ruled until 1615, but he created a line of succession called the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan until 1867

39. Tokugawa Shogunate During this time, Japan benefited from peace; The economy boomed & became more commercial For more than 250 years, Tokugawa’s successors ruled Japan as shoguns

40. Tokugawa Shogunate European merchants & missionaries first arrived in Japan in the mid-1500s Tokugawa enjoyed trade with Europeans & was fascinated to learn about their military, new technologies, & ideas

41. Tokugawa Shogunate Between1549 & 1600, European missionaries had converted 300,000 Japanese to Christianity This upset Tokugawa because the missionaries ignored Japanese cultural beliefs & laws In 1612, Tokugawa banned Christianity & began ruthlessly persecuting Christians All Japanese were forced to be faithful to Buddhism Execution of Christians

42. Japanese Isolationism Tokugawa shoguns decided to exclude foreign merchants & missionaries By 1639, Japan adopted a “closed country policy” & ended almost all foreign contacts

43. Nagasaki Bay Japanese isolation remained in place for over 200 years until the 1850s During this era of isolation, Japan had profitable trade, became self-sufficient, limited foreign ideas, & reduced Europe’s ability to colonize Japan Deshima Dutch Ships Japan One Japanese port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay remained open but only to Dutch & Chinese merchants

44. Portuguese traders brought the first firearms to Japan in 1543 and thirty years later thousands of matchlock weapons were being used by Japanese armies. Yet when American navy vessels arrived in Japan in the 1850s there was almost no knowledge of guns to be found in Japan. What happened to bring about this unexpected reversal of technology? To unravel the question and look back at sixteenth century Japan, you will assume the role of a samurai advisor to the Tokugawa Shogun. He has asked for information as to whether to allow the continued influence of western guns in Japan or to end the use of firearms in the country in order to preserve traditional Japanese society. In groups you will examine five samurai positions on the question. You should present a convincing plea based on historical and cultural evidence you can discover in order to develop your position. In a culminating presentation to the shogun, you should present the accurate argument for your position (you may write a letter to the shogun presenting your position). This exercise should reflect 1) the growing influence of western ideas and technology on Japan, and 2) Japan’s ultimate rejection of westernization by establishing isolation. The shogun should then determine the most persuasive arguments. Assume one of the following samurai arguments: 1. Even farmers have been able to join armies and to be warriors. If common folk are allowed to be warriors, our position of the elite of the nation is in jeopardy. 2. Our islands are difficult to invade, our warriors are formidable fighters and our traditional weapons are enough to maintain our safety. 3. Foreign ideas and foreign ideas have injured the purity of our traditional practices. Christianity and foreign business practice are changing our traditional patterns of society. 4. The sword is a much better philosophical symbol for our nation. Swords are artistic and often serve as metaphors for human characteristics. We should not give up this element of our society. 5. Grace and elegance combine with the practice of swordsmanship. This benefits the training and development of the samurai. Guns demand ungraceful body positions and are undignified.