Nazi Germany

1. Nazi Germany Hitler’s Rise to Power Hitler’s Fascist Dictatorship

2. http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-577490-map_of_austria-ihttp://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-577490-map_of_austria-i • Born in 1889 In Austria near Linz in the NW • Middle Class family • Dropped out of school at the age of 14 • Moved to Vienna to become an artist

3. Vienna • Sought to become an artist • Failed test to be admitted to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts • Mayor Karl Lueger • Hitler admired Lueger, a powerful politician, for his speech making skills and effective use of propaganda in gaining popular appeal. He also admired Lueger's skill in manipulating established institutions such as the Catholic Church. He studied Lueger carefully and modeled some of his later behavior on what he learned. Hitler’s 1st Vienna Apartment Hitler’s Art http://smoter.com/teenaged.htm

4. Hitler in World War I • Hitler volunteered at age 25 by enlisting in a Bavarian Regiment. After its first engagement against the British and Belgians near Ypres, 2500 of the 3000 men in the Hitler's regiment were killed, wounded or missing. Hitler escaped without a scratch. Throughout most of the war, Hitler had great luck avoiding life threatening injury. More than once he moved away from a spot where moments later a shell exploded killing or wounding everyone. • Corporal Hitler was a dispatch runner, taking messages back and forth from the command staff in the rear to the fighting units near the battlefield. During lulls in the fighting he would take out his watercolors and paint the landscapes of war. Hitler as a corporal

5. The German Workers Party • The German Army was worried that it was a left-wing revolutionary group and sent Adolf Hitler, one of its education officers, to spy on the organization. Hitler discovered that the party's political ideas were similar to his own. Although there as a spy, Hitler could not restrain himself when a member made a point he disagreed with, and he stood up and made a passionate speech on the subject.

6. Nazi Party • He encouraged national pride, militarism, and a commitment to the Volk and a racially "pure" Germany. Hitler condemned the Jews, exploiting anti-Semitic feelings that had prevailed in Europe for centuries. He changed the name of the party to the National Socialist German Workers' Party, called for short, the Nazi Party (or NSDAP) http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/nazirise.htm

7. The SA • In 1921 Adolf Hitler formed his own private army called Sturm Abteilung (Storm Section). The SA (also known as stormtroopers or brownshirts) were instructed to disrupt the meetings of political opponents and to protect Hitler from revenge attacks. Captain Ernst Roehm of the Bavarian Army played an important role in recruiting these men, and became the SA's first leader. • The SA wore grey jackets, brown shirts, swastika armbands, ski-caps, knee-breeches, thick woolen socks and combat boots. Accompanied by bands of musicians and carrying swastika flags, they would parade through the streets of Munich. At the end of the march Hitler would make one of his passionate speeches that encouraged his supporters to carry out acts of violence against Jews and his left-wing political opponents.

8. Beer Hall Putsch http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERbeer.htm

9. Mein Kampf A State which, in an epoch of racial adulteration, devotes itself to the duty of preserving the best elements of its racial stock must one day become ruler of the Earth.

10. Eva Braun per G period Request

11. The Great Speaker

12. The Nazi Party’s Rise to Power: 1928-1933 • In 1928 Hitler’s Nazi Party were a small, insignificant party. They enjoyed little success in elections and were viewed as little more than thugs by the political elite. By 1933 however Hitler was the chancellor of Germany. The Nazi’s had risen from obscurity to power, total power.

13. Number of Unemployed 1928 2 million 1929 2.5 million 1930 3 million 1931 5 million 1932 6 million

14. Why was Hitler made Chancellor? • Public demanded improvements • Nazi Party were largest party in Reichstag • Hindendburg and von Papen thought Hitler could be controlled • Hitler was a national figure after the 1932 Presidential campaign (he came second to Hindendburg but had a large proportion of the vote) www.schoolshistory.org.uk/worksheets/Presentations/Hitler/The%20Nazi%20Party%92s%20Rise%20to%20Power.ppt

15. Nazi Election Results

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18. Hitler Inaugural Address

19. The Reichstag Fire Creates a climate that Hitler can manipulate for his on ends The Enabling Act Hitler uses Article 48 to create a State of Emergency. The act effectively ends democracy in Germany. The Night of the Long Knives Opposition from within the party is removed: violently. The SA is ‘purged’. Hitler used his position, and the frailties and subsequent death of Hindendburg, to engineer a Nazi take over of government. He makes use of Article 48 to legitimise the end of democracy before radically altering the structure of government. Soon opposition is banned and Germany has a one party state. Pressure groups, such as Trade unions, are also banned. This Nazi ‘Revolution’ is secured as a result of the removal of all possible threats to nazi rule: the SA, the army and political parties are all ‘dealt with’ by the end of 1934. How did Hitler consolidate power? www.schoolshistory.org.uk/worksheets/Presentations/Hitler/The%20Nazi%20Party%92s%20Rise%20to%20Power.ppt

20. Results of the Night of the Long Knives Hitler made himself President as well as Chancellor, a new role called ‘Der Fuehrer’. He also made himself head of the armed forces, who had to swear an oath of loyalty to him. He was now in complete control. • Over 1,000 opponents were killed. In August, President Hindenburg died. www.learnhistory.org.uk/The%20Night%20of%20the%20Long%20Knives.ppt

21. The Fuehrer Oath I swear by almighty God this sacred oath: I will render unconditional obedience to the Fuehrer of the German Reich and people, Adolf Hitler, Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht, and, as a brave soldier, I will be ready at any time to stake my life for this oath." www.learnhistory.org.uk/The%20Night%20of%20the%20Long%20Knives.ppt

22. SS head Heinrich Himmler, SA Chief of Staff Viktor Lutze, Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess and Adolf Hitler salute their followers.

23. Hitler as Chancellor

24. Impact of Hitler’s Policies on Unemployment www.kgv.edu.hk/history/Y10-11/Nazis/Unemployment1929_1933.ppt

25. How did Hitler put Germany back to work? www.kgv.edu.hk/history/Y10-11/Nazis/Unemployment1929_1933.ppt

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27. How did the Nazis establish a dictatorship? 1933-39 www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

28. Propaganda

29. Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945) • Suffered from polio as a child • 1925, joined Nazis • Responsible for electoral campaigns • 1933, Minister for Public Enlightenment & Propaganda • 1934, Night of Long Knives Why did the Nazi authorities ban publication of this photo during the War? www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

30. Newspapers • 1933 there were 4,700 daily newspapers, 3% controlled by Nazi Party • 1944 997 daily newspapers, 82% controlled by Nazi Party www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

31. Radio • Cheap radios Volksempfänger • Between 1932-9 the number of families with radios rose from 25% to 70% • “the spiritual weapon of the totalitarian state” (Goebbels) Workers listening to a Hitler broadcast. How useful is this picture to historians studying the impact of Nazi propaganda? www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

32. Rallies • September 1933-38, Nuremberg rallies • Mixture of public spectacle, military parade & propaganda • Festivals and celebrations, e.g. Hitler’s Birthday, Munich Putsch Day www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

33. Police State www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

34. Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) • Former chicken farmer from Prussia • Headed SS (Hitler’s bodyguard) • Headed the Gestapo (secret police) • 1934, 50,000 SS members What does Himmler’s background tell you about the Nazi party? www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

35. Terror • Used terror to intimidate and remove opposition • Concentration camps –for Jews, political opponents, racially impure, morally deviant Jewish men and women in a Nazi concentration camp. What symbol are they wearing on their clothes? Why have they been made to wear this? www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

36. Persecution of minorities • July 1933, compulsory sterilization of mentally ill • Secret euthanasia program • ‘asocials’ homosexuals, gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses & criminals Still from German propaganda film, Erbkrank (Hereditary Illness), made in 1935 www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

37. Courts • Abolished right of trial before imprisonment • Judges replaced by Nazi supporters • By 1939, 162,000 Germans imprisoned without trial, 500 sentenced to death What is the artist of this satirical cartoon trying to say? www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

38. Nazi control of society www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

39. Education How can we tell this is a Nazi classroom? • Syllabus & textbooks changed to reflect Nazi ideas on race & German history • Compulsory membership of German Teacher’s League • Leadership schools (Adolf Hitler Schools) Baldur von Schirach, Hitler Youth Leader www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

40. Hitler Youth • Established Hitler Youth (Hitler Jugend, HJ)1925 • 1939, 8 million members • Camping, hiking, singing folk songs, military training & physical fitness • By 1936 membership compulsory • German Girls’ League This could be you 70 years ago! www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

41. The Church • Many Nazis anti-Christian but unwilling to provoke conflict with Church • June 1933, Catholic Church signed ‘Concordat’ (understanding) • Protestant Churches combined into pro-Nazi Reich Church, ‘The swastika on our breast and the cross in our hearts” Reich Church symbol www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

42. Hitler Targets Jews • In Mein Kampf Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic problems & its defeat in WWI • By the end of 1934, most Jewish lawyers, doctors, professors, civil servants, and musicians had lost their jobs and the right to practice their professions. www.memorial.ecasd.k12.wi.us/.../jbrantner/ushistory/WWII/ppts/Europe%20Falls%20to%20the%20Nazis.ppt

43. Persecution of Jews • 1933, 500,000 Jews in Germany (less than 1% of population) • April 1933 boycott of Jewish businesses • September 1935, Nuremberg Laws banned mixed marriage & German citizenship for Jews, enforced wearing of Star of David Why did the Nazis hate the Jews? www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

44. Member of Hitler Youth, drawing Star of David on Jewish shop window – 1933. Jewish pupils intimidated by 'Aryan' classmates – 1933. www.memorial.ecasd.k12.wi.us/.../jbrantner/ushistory/WWII/ppts/Europe%20Falls%20to%20the%20Nazis.ppt

45. “Scientific” Determination of Jews Doctors measuring nose and eyes to assess hereditary racial type www.memorial.ecasd.k12.wi.us/.../jbrantner/ushistory/WWII/ppts/Europe%20Falls%20to%20the%20Nazis.ppt

46. Nuremberg Laws of 1935 • Deprived Jews of all rights of citizenship, jobs, & property. • Jews were forced to wear a yellow star of David in the left side of their clothing www.memorial.ecasd.k12.wi.us/.../jbrantner/ushistory/WWII/ppts/Europe%20Falls%20to%20the%20Nazis.ppt

47. Kristallnacht, November 1938 • ‘Night of the broken glass’ • German embassy official killed by Jewish youth • Goebbels ordered ‘demonstrations’ against Jewish community • 8,000 Jewish homes & shops destroyed, 400 synagogues set on fire, 100 Jews killed, 20,000 arrested • Jews ordered to pay 1 billion Reichsmarks in damages www.igshistoryonline.co.uk/Resources/Establishing%20a%20Nazi%20dictatorship%20-%20presentation.ppt

48. Kristallnacht www.memorial.ecasd.k12.wi.us/.../jbrantner/ushistory/WWII/ppts/Europe%20Falls%20to%20the%20Nazis.ppt

49. Europe Falls to the Nazis& the Holocaust www.memorial.ecasd.k12.wi.us/.../jbrantner/ushistory/WWII/ppts/Europe%20Falls%20to%20the%20Nazis.ppt

50. S.S. St. Louis May 13, 1939 • 937 Jewish refugees boarded SS St Louis • Destination Cuba but turned away • Looked to US for help • US turned them back to Europe • Many of the passengers will become victims of the Holocaust www.memorial.ecasd.k12.wi.us/.../jbrantner/ushistory/WWII/ppts/Europe%20Falls%20to%20the%20Nazis.ppt