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Functional Theories of Translation. Katharina Reiss’s Text Type. Systematizing the assessment of translations according to text type and function. Characteristics of each text type: Informative Expressive Operative Audiomedial (p.73, Table 5.1). Text type model.
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Katharina Reiss’s Text Type • Systematizing the assessment of translations according to text type and function. • Characteristics of each text type: • Informative • Expressive • Operative • Audiomedial (p.73, Table 5.1)
Text type model Informative reference work report, lecture tourist brochure biography sermon play electoral speech poem satire advertisement Expressive Operative
Criteria of Adequacy of the TT • Assessment of the adequacy of the TT according to: • Intralinguistic criteria • Extralinguistic criteria • Application of criteria according to text type • Occasions where the TT function differs from the ST function. (Example: Gulliver’s Travels)
Mary Snell Hornby’sIntegrated Approach • Attempts to integrate a wide variety of different linguistic and literary concepts in an integrated approach to translation. • A “stratificational model” from the most general to the most particular • Study diagram on p.76
Holz-Mänttäri’sTranslatorial Action Model • Translation is purpose-driven, outcome-oriented human interaction. • The process of Translation involves the intercultural transfer of message-transmitter compounds “ [It] is not about translating words, sentences or texts but is in every case about guiding the intended co-operation over cultural barriers enabling functionally oriented communication”. (Holz-Mänttäri, 1984)
Translatorial Action (Cont.) • Interlingual translation is “translatorial action from a source text” and is a “communicative process involving a series of roles and players”: • The initiator • The commissioner • The ST producer • The TT producer • The TT user • The TT receiver
Translatorial Action (Cont.) • In the production of the TT, the ST is analyzed only for its “construction and function”. Relevant features are described according to : • Content: structured into: • factual information • overall communicative strategy • Form: structured into: • terminology • cohesive elements
Skopos Theory • Meaning of skopos • Hans J. Vermeer & Katharina Reiss • Focus : the purposeof the translation • The purpose determines the methods and strategies • Aim: to produce a functionally adequate result • The result is the TT, or translatum(Vermeer) • Conclusion: Why the ST needs translation & the function expected of the TT are crucial
Rules of the Skopos theory: • A translatum (or TT) is determined by its skopos • A TT is an offer of info. in a target culture and TL , concerning an offer of info. in a source culture and SL. • A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way. • A TT must be internally coherent. (coherence rule) • A TT must be coherent with ST. (fidelity rule) • The 5 rules above stand in hierarchical order, with the skopos rule predominating
ChristianeNordTranslation-Oriented Text Analysis • Christiane Nord’s types of texts: • Documentary translation: • An instrumental translation: ‘function preserving translations’ or translations un-preserving function • Aspects of functionalist approaches useful for translator training: • The importance of the translation commission • The role of ST analysis • The functional hierarchy of translation problems