Chapter 14: Turbomachinery

1. Chapter 14: Turbomachinery Eric G. Paterson Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University Spring 2005

2. Note to Instructors These slides were developed1, during the spring semester 2005, as a teaching aid for the undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) in the Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering at Penn State University. This course had two sections, one taught by myself and one taught by Prof. John Cimbala. While we gave common homework and exams, we independently developed lecture notes. This was also the first semester that Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications was used at PSU. My section had 93 students and was held in a classroom with a computer, projector, and blackboard. While slides have been developed for each chapter of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, I used a combination of blackboard and electronic presentation. In the student evaluations of my course, there were both positive and negative comments on the use of electronic presentation. Therefore, these slides should only be integrated into your lectures with careful consideration of your teaching style and course objectives. Eric Paterson Penn State, University Park August 2005 1 These slides were originally prepared using the LaTeX typesetting system (http://www.tug.org/) and the beamer class (http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net/), but were translated to PowerPoint for wider dissemination by McGraw-Hill.

3. Objectives • Identify various types of pumps and turbines, and understand how they work • Apply dimensional analysis to design new pumps or turbines that are geometrically similar to existing pumps or turbines • Perform basic vector analysis of the flow into and out of pumps and turbines • Use specific speed for preliminary design and selection of pumps and turbines

4. Categories • Pump: adds energy to a fluid, resulting in an increase in pressure across the pump. • Turbine: extracts energy from the fluid, resulting in a decrease in pressure across the turbine.

5. Categories • For gases, pumps are further broken down into • Fans: Low pressure gradient, High volume flow rate. Examples include ceiling fans and propellers. • Blower: Medium pressure gradient, Medium volume flow rate. Examples include centrifugal and squirrel-cage blowers found in furnaces, leaf blowers, and hair dryers. • Compressor: High pressure gradient, Low volume flow rate. Examples include air compressors for air tools, refrigerant compressors for refrigerators and air conditioners.

6. Categories • Positive-displacement machines • Closed volume is used to squeeze or suck fluid. • Pump: human heart • Turbine: home water meter • Dynamic machines • No closed volume. Instead, rotating blades supply or extract energy. • Enclosed/Ducted Pumps: torpedo propulsor • Open Pumps: propeller or helicopter rotor • Enclosed Turbines: hydroturbine • Open Turbines: wind turbine

7. Pump Head • Net Head • Water horsepower • Brake horsepower • Pump efficiency

8. Matching a Pump to a Piping System • Pump-performance curves for a centrifugal pump • BEP: best efficiency point • H*, bhp*, V* correspond to BEP • Shutoff head: achieved by closing outlet (V=0)$ • Free delivery: no load on system (Hrequired = 0)

9. Matching a Pump to a Piping System • Steady operating point: • Energy equation:

10. Manufacturer Performance Plot

11. Pump Cavitation and NPSH • Cavitation should be avoided due to erosion damage and noise. • Cavitation occurs when P < Pv • Net positive suction head • NPSHrequired curves are created through systematic testing over a range of flow rates V.

12. Dynamic Pumps • Dynamic Pumps include • centrifugal pumps: fluid enters axially, and is discharged radially. • mixed--flow pumps: fluid enters axially, and leaves at an angle between radially and axially. • axial pumps: fluid enters and leaves axially.

13. Centrifugal Pumps • Snail--shaped scroll • Most common type of pump: homes, autos, industry.

14. Centrifugal Pumps

15. Centrifugal Pumps: Blade Design

16. Centrifugal Pumps: Blade Design Vector analysis of leading and trailing edges. Side view of impeller blade.

17. Centrifugal Pumps: Blade Design Blade number affects efficiency and introduces circulatory losses (too few blades) and passage losses (too many blades)

18. Axial Pumps Open vs. Ducted Axial Pumps

19. Open Axial Pumps Blades generate thrust like wing generates lift. Propeller has radial twist to take into account for angular velocity (=r)

20. Ducted Axial Pumps • Tube Axial Fan: Swirl downstream • Counter-Rotating Axial-Flow Fan: swirl removed. Early torpedo designs • Vane Axial-Flow Fan: swirl removed. Stators can be either pre-swirl or post-swirl.

21. Ducted Axial Pumps: Blade Design Relative frame of reference Absolute frame of reference

22. Dimensional Analysis •  analysis gives 3 new nondimensional parameters • Head coefficient • Capacity coefficient • Power coefficient • Reynolds number also appears,but in terms of angular rotation • Reynolds number • Functional relation is • Head coefficient • Power coefficient

23. Dimensional Analysis • If two pumps are geometrically similar, and • The independent ’s are similar, i.e., CQ,A = CQ,BReA = ReBA/DA = B/DB • Then the dependent ’s will be the sameCH,A = CH,BCP,A = CP,B

24. Dimensional Analysis • When plotted in nondimensional form, all curves of a family of geometrically similar pumps collapse onto one set of nondimensional pump performance curves • Note: Reynolds number and roughness can often be neglected,

25. Pump Specific Speed Pump Specific Speed is used to characterize the operation of a pump at BEP and is useful for preliminary pump selection.

26. Affinity Laws • For two homologous states A and B, we can use  variables to develop ratios (similarity rules, affinity laws, scaling laws). • Useful to scale from model to prototype • Useful to understand parameter changes, e.g., doubling pump speed (Ex. 14-10).