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I- User Environment

I- User Environment. Aviation meteorology, session 2. ENM – Sep 2008 Franck PITHOIS ENM/PAM. I- User Environment. International Context Aircraft User Organization Measurement Units Altimetry Basics. Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment. 2. 1. International Context.

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I- User Environment

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  1. I- User Environment Aviation meteorology, session 2 ENM – Sep 2008 Franck PITHOIS ENM/PAM

  2. I- User Environment • International Context • Aircraft • User Organization • Measurement Units • Altimetry Basics Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 2

  3. 1. International Context • International Civil Aviation Organization • Dec. 7, 1944: Chicago Conference (52 states) • Wrote a convention covering international civil aviation • Founded ICAO (190 member states in 2008) Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  4. ICAO's purposes • Setting out the principles and techniques of international air navigation • Promoting and planning the development of safe, reliable, efficient and cost effective air transport. Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  5. 2. Aircraft Engine cowling Leading edge Wing Wing tip Aileron Flaps Trailing edge Elevator Trim tab Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  6. Aerodynamic forces Lift Thrust Drag Relative airflow Weight Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  7. Relative airflow: VR Leading edge Upper surface: underpressure VR Lower surface: overpressure Trailing edge Link: http://www.av8n.com/how/htm/airfoils.html, for further explanations Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  8. Dynamic study of the forces in presence R : Aerodynamic resultant Fz P = Weight T = Thrust (engine) Vr Fx T  : Density of air S : Reference surface Vr : Aircraft/Air speed Cx : Coefficient of drag Cz : Coefficient of lift P Lift: Drag: Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  9. http://www.mpa80.be/mpa/mpaXpress_fichiers/pigeon.jpg http://www.preciflight.com/FR/images/ROBIN_120.jpg http://www.chateau-chassignol.com/montgolfiere/5.jpg http://www.altibulle.com/portail/images/ulm.gif Various aircraft Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  10. 3. User Organization • Airspace structure (introduction) • Different categories of users • Two types of flight rules: IFR/VFR • Flight safety Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  11. a- Airspace structure: UIR/FIR http://www.ecacnav.com/images/RVSM%20October%202007%20copy.jpg In-flight information In France: 1 UIR 5 FIR Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  12. Vertical structure UIR Infinity FL660 LTA LTA FL195 TMA FL115 FIR Sol • There are two categories of controlled airspace: • Control area: CTR • – CTR • Control region: CTA • – TMA, AWY, LTA & UTA U I R UTA F I R AWY CTR Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  13. Airspace classifications • - Controlled airspace (classes A, B, C, D & E) • Uncontrolled airspace (class F & G) • Regulated airspace (marked as R) • Dangerous airspace (marked as D) • Prohibited airspace (marked as P) Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  14. Examples Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  15. b. Different categories of users What flies (in France) • General aviation traffic • Military aviation traffic • Operational military aviation traffic • Flight tests and aircraft acceptance Airport operations (in France) • Airport services: Air navigation… • Airport operators: Chambers of Commerce & Industry, companies… Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  16. General Aviation Traffic • Commercial aviation • Government and military aviation • Business and recreational aviation Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  17. Commercial aviation Flights operated by international, domestic and regional airlines carrying passengers and cargo. Performance by type of propulsion: Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  18. Government and military aviation • Presidential or ministerial flights • Customs service • Civil protection • SFACT (Aeronautical training and technical inspection service) • Carrying passengers and cargo Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  19. Business and recreational aviation Private flights: public transport other than scheduled flights and express cargo Recreational aviation: motorized (airplanes + helicopters), gliders, free flight, ULM, skydiving and ballooning. Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  20. c. Two types of flight rules: IFR/VFR Defined in line with IMC/VMC weather conditions IFR: Instrument Flight Rules VFR: Visual Flight Rules Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  21. IFR • Suitably equipped aircraft • Qualified crew (professional) • Aircraft guidance using radio navigation equipment • Procedures to follow (air traffic control) • Radio communication equipment fitted Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  22. IFR • Commercial aviation type flights, implying: • Safety and reliability • Different weather conditions during different phases of the flight: take off, cruising, landing Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  23. VFR • Less sophisticated aircraft equipment • Generally a relatively less qualified crew (amateur) • More restrictive visibility and ceiling conditions • Subject to weather conditions Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  24. Different types of VFR • "Regular" VFR • Special VFR: excluding VMC conditions, low altitude • Night VFR: specific qualifications • VFR on TOP: flight above the clouds Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  25. d. Flight safety: International statistics Since 1999, the ICAO only keeps records on accidents involving aircraft with a certified maximum take off weight in excess of 2,250 kg The total of death is quite egal despite a bigger trafic every year Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  26. Passenger fatalities on scheduled flights Excluding accidents due to illicit intervention Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  27. Aircraft categories involved in accidents Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  28. Occurrences Source : DGAC Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  29. 4. Measurement Units Horizontal distances: Nautical Mile (NM = 1852 m) Horizontal speeds: Knots (KT) Vertical distances: Feet (FT=0.3048 m) Standard Flight Levels: 850 (FL050), 700 (FL100), 500 (FL180), 300 (FL300), 250 (FL340), 200 (FL390). Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  30. 5. Altimetry basics • Principle • A Reminder on Altitudes • ICAO standard atmosphere • Altimeter • Altimeter settings Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  31. a. Principle • Defining the altitude-pressure relationship in the vertical distance or elevation sense • Resolving problems relating to determining vertical distances from pressure measurements. Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  32. b. Reminder: Altitudes height runway Height: The vertical distance between any point or level taken in relation to a reference point. Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  33. b. Reminder: Altitudes altitude sea runway Altitude: The vertical distance between any point or level Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL) Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  34. c. ICAO standard atmosphere (1/4) • A fictitious atmosphere defined up to an altitude of 32 km: • Air is a perfect gas with an invariable chemical composition • Air is dry (Tv= T) • Gravity acceleration is constant: g= 9.80665m/s² Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  35. c.ICAOstandardatmosphere(2/4) • - A vertical temperature gradient that is constant for each of the following intervals: • 0 to 11 km: gradient of T = -0.65°C/100 m or 2°C /1000 ft • 11 to 20 km: gradient of T= 0° (T = - 56.5°C) • 20 to 32 km: gradient of T = 1°C/1000 m Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  36. c.ICAOstandardatmosphere(3/4) • Pressure at sea level is 1013.25 hPa • Temperature at sea level is 15°C or 288°k Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  37. c.ICAOstandardatmosphere(4/4) Graphic representations Z= f(T) Z= f(P) Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  38. d. Altimeter: Operation The instrument itself comprises aneroid capsules that are sensitive to pressure variations. The measured pressure level is directly translated into a vertical distance in line with the standard atmospheric rule. Graduated in feet, 1 ft = 0.3048 m Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  39. d. Altimeter: Description Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  40. e. Altimeter settings: Why they were created 1 Runway tour 2 Local flight 3 Moving D A Height Altitude Reference altitude Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  41. e. Altimeter settings • QFE • QNH • 1013 Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  42. QFE Equivalent atmospheric pressure at the aerodrome's official altitude. For a pilot this is the setting pressure that corresponds to a ZERO indication on their altimeter when their wheels touch down. The setting reference is the runway. Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  43. Calculating QFE The pressure measured by the barometer brought back to the official runway altitude thanks to an altitude correction. QFE = P(Station reference altitude) + dP Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  44. Using QFE During takeoff or landing phases for aerodromes located above 600 meters. The altimeter provides the height in relation to the runway. It is used less and less. Advantage: when the plane touches the runway, the altimeter indicates ZERO. Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  45. QNH Station pressure returned to sea level by applying a standard correction.For pilots, this setting gives them the flight or runway altitude in relation to sea level.In a standard atmosphere, the setting reference for QNH is the sea. Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  46. Calculating QNH QNH= P(station reference altitude)+dP’ Correction calculated just like QFEin standard atmosphere Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  47. Using QNH • More and more often used for it offers many advantages: • Routes through mountain ranges. • Takeoff and landing from aerodromes. • Precise position at the auto-information stage. • A good approximation of the plane's true altitude. • Used under the transition altitude. Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  48. Setting 1013 Used to separate aircraft at their cruising altitude. Isobar surfaces Fl 65 Fl 60 Fl 55 1013 Fl 50 0 ft Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  49. FL 70 FL 60 FL 50 1013 settings, flight level indications FL 45 3000 ft AGL FL 40 FL 35 FL 30 QNH (or QFE) settings 3000 ft AMSL Setting to use: Uncontroled airspace Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

  50. Setting to use: Controlled airspace FL 90 FL 80 1013 settings, flight level indications FL 70 FL 60 Transition zone FL 50 QNH settings, ‘Z’ indications Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment

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