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The French Revolution

The French Revolution. The Revolution that changed the world. Basics 4 Vocab . Three estates – France’s 3 social classes: the clergy (1st), the nobility (2nd), and everyone else (3rd) Bourgeoisie – the middle class and highest level of the 3rd estate

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The French Revolution

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  1. The French Revolution The Revolution that changed the world

  2. Basics 4 Vocab Three estates – France’s 3 social classes: the clergy (1st), the nobility (2nd), and everyone else (3rd) Bourgeoisie – the middle class and highest level of the 3rd estate Estates-General – France’s legislative, law-making, body in which each estate had one vote National Assembly – Revolutionary legislature formed when the 1st & 2nd estates locked the 3rd estate out of the Estates-General Tennis Court Oath – Oath taken by the National Assembly to not leave until there was a new French Constitution

  3. More Basics 4 Vocab Bastille – Parisian prison that was destroyed July 14th 1789 as crowds searched for weapons and gunpowder to protect themselves from the French Army Sans-culottes – working class revolutionaries who pushed for a republic and wanted to end the monarchy Jacobins – middle class lawyers and intellectuals who were in favor of a republic Émigré – clergy and nobles who fled France and revolutionaries with tales of mob violence that frightened many European monarchs

  4. Last slide of Basics 4 Vocab Suffrage – the right to vote Robespierre – leader of the Committee of Public Safety, a Jacobin, he took control of the French Revolution and began the Reign of Terror Reign of Terror – September 1793 – July 1794 which tried about 300,000 individuals and executed 17,000 “enemies of the revolution” Nationalism – feelings of pride and love for one’s country

  5. French Society: divided into three estates First Estate: Second Estate: Third Estate :

  6. % of Land % of Pop. Taxation Level

  7. Third Estate • Divided into three sub classes: • 1. Merchants and artisans • Rich and well educated (liberal ideologies) • 2.Working Class (cooks, servants, and others) Poor wage earners Price of bread was very important to them • 3. Farmers (80% of people) Heavily taxed, had to work for nobles/ clergy for free

  8. France’s National Problems • Crop failures led to grain shortages • Large debt due to Wars (in the Americas) • Bankers refused to lend more money 3. Weak leader

  9. King and Queen of France • Louis XVI- • Great Grandson of Louis XIV • Not very focused on his duties • Wanted to have fun (hunt, play with locks, etc) • Marie Antoinette- • Daughter of Austrian Maria Theresa • big spender

  10. Louis is forced to call the Estates-General (May 1789) • meeting of all 3 estates • first time in 175 yrs. • Each estate gets 1 vote • (clergy had one, nobles had one) • 3rd Estate was always outvoted by the other two estates

  11. Estates-General of May 1789 • Estates-General called at request of 1st & 2nd Estates • Goal: To limit the powers of the monarchy • Similar to England’s Glorious Revolution • 1st and 2nd Estate • feared losing money from Louis’ big spending…wanted to control him • 3rd Estate • complained about unequal voting rights. • Estates-General refused to listen to them and the 3rd Estate was locked out.

  12. Tennis Court Oath (June 1789) • Third Estate met separately • New name=National Assembly • Declared that the Assembly, not the king, were the voice of the people

  13. Louis was so disconnected from his people… • Louis was so disconnected from the people that he wrote in journal (on the day of the Storming of the Bastille) “Rein” or “nothing happened” referring to his afternoon hunt

  14. Palace of Versailles (where King Louis is living)

  15. The Great Fear (July 20th – August 5th 1789)

  16. Declaration of the Rights of Man • Issued August 26, 1789 • “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights” • Women were not included • Right to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression • Sets up a Constitutional Monarchy

  17. Slogan of Revolution “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity (brotherhood)”

  18. Women’s Bread Riot, October 5th 1789 • Price of bread (and other necessities) rise • Thousands of women took up arms and marched 12 miles to Versailles (King’s palace) • Killed two guards • Forced the king and his family to move to Paris

  19. Louis tries to escape France (June 1791) • On his way to Austria • Stopped by townsmen and guards • Many argue that the King is not to be trusted

  20. Émigrés: nobles and clergy who fled France Far right supporters Sans-culottes: “those without knee breeches” mobs wage earners of the cities far left supporters Political Spectrum: France’s Radical Groups: Right Conservative, wants to go back to old times Left Liberal, wants extreme change

  21. Europe turns against the Revolution • Austria (Marie’s Homeland) feared that the revolution against nobility would spread to other nations. • Austria declared war on France in 1792, later joined by Prussia, Holland, Spain, and England.. • French Émigrés joined with the foreigners. • Austrian and Prussian forces near Paris and threatened to destroy Paris if the Royal family was harmed • Outraged Parisian mob kills the King’s Swiss guards and imprisons the royal family in a tower.

  22. The Last Straw: the September Massacre (1792) • The Sans-culottes hear that they are losing power and kill over a 1,000 noble, clergy & other prisoners • Power is transferred to the Left Radicals called the Jacobins • No longer interested in allowing a Monarch to govern: now they want a new form of government

  23. King No More • The revolutionaries defeat the invading armies • The Jacobins establish a Republic. • Louis is beheaded by the Guillotine (Jan. 1793)

  24. Guillotine • Decapitation was punishment for nobility=now equal

  25. New Leader: Maximilien Robespierre Revolution goes past politics • Slavery is outlawed • Death penalty is outlawed (predict: why is this ironic?) • Religious Freedom for Jews and Protestants • Playing cards—no jacks, queens and kings • Calendar was changed to 12 months 30 days each • 10 day week, no Sundays (religion seen as old fashion) • All churches were closed • Bread prices were controlled

  26. Committee of Public Safety (July 1793 to July 1794) • Led by Robespierre • Ordered to root out traitors of the Revolution • No one was safe • Neighbor turned on neighbor

  27. Reign of Terror • Run by the Committee of Public Safety • Killed: • Marie Antoinette • early leaders of the revolution • fellow Jacobins • Robespierre was killed (July 1794) • About 40,000 people had been killed, most=commoners

  28. The Directory • Five Moderates • Next and final leaders of the revolution • Corrupt and relatively weak • Could not provide stability • Bread prices increase again • New movement to restore the Monarch • Not ideal, but compared to the Terror it was breath of fresh air to the weary French people

  29. Napoleon Bonaparte • …ends the Revolution but that’s another story…

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