Unit 11

1. Unit 11 Descriptive Prefixes, Asepsis, and Pharmacology

2. Prefixes • Placed in front of words • Purpose: • Change meaning or make term clear descriptor • Often creates adjectival form

3. Descriptive Prefixes

4. Descriptive Prefixes

5. Prefix: homo- • homo- = same • Examples: • homo/gen/eous = pertaining to same throughout • homo/later/al = pertaining to same side • homo/gland/ular = pertaining to same gland

6. Prefix: homo- • Examples: • homo/genized milk = same amount of cream throughout • homo/therm/al = having same body temperature all the time • homo/sex/ual = being attracted to same sex

7. Prefix: heter/o- • heter/o- = different • Examples: • hetero/gen/eous = pertaining to different throughout • hetero/gen/esis = reproduction in which successive generations are different • heter/opsia = different vision in each eye • heter/o/sexual = being attracted to opposite sex

8. Sexuality and Identity Terms

9. Sexuality and Identity Terms

10. Sexuality and Identity Terms

11. Prefixes: sym- and syn- • sym- and syn- = different forms of same prefix meaning together or joined • Use sym- when followed by sounds of b, m, f, ph, or p • Use syn- when followed by any other letters

12. Prefix: sym- • Examples: • sym/metry = sameness of parts on each side of dividing line • Balanced proportions • sym/pathy = suffering • Medical term • sym/path/oma = tumor of sympathetic nerve • sym/path/ectomy = excision of sympathetic nerve

13. Symmetry and Asymmetry

14. Prefix: sym- • Examples: • sym/physis = growing together of parts • sym/blepharon = eyelids grown together • sym/podia = lower extremities grown together

15. Prefix: syn- • Examples: • syn/dactylism = fingers or toes joined together • syn/ergetic = pertaining to agents that act together and produce result greater than sum of individual efforts • syn/arthrosis = immoveable joint • syn/drome = group of symptoms that occur together

16. Prefixes: super- and supra- • super- and supra- = above, beyond, or excessive • super- • More in common English terms • Used in a few medical terms • supra- • More common in terms that describe anatomical locations

17. Prefix: super- • Examples: • super/ficial = above or on surface • super/ciliary = above eyebrow • super/infection = infection on top of another infection • super/lethal = excessively deadly • super/numerary = exceeding required numbers • Extra

18. Prefix: supra- • Above the following anatomical parts: • supra/lumb/ar = spine • supra/pub/ic = pubis • supra/mamm/ary = breasts • supra/renal = kidneys • supra/inguin/al = groin

19. Descriptive Prefixes

20. Prefix: epi- • epi- = over or upon • Examples: • epi/gastr/ic = over stomach • epi/derm/al = upon skin • Outermost layer • epi/crani/al = tissue covering cranium • epi/stern/al = area above sternum • epi/cardi/um = tissues upon heart

21. Prefix: epi- • Inflammation over or upon the following anatomical parts: • epi/splen/itis = spleen • epi/cyst/itis = bladder • epi/nephr/itis = kidney

22. Prefix: epi- • Examples: • epi/nephr/ectomy = excision of tissue upon kidney • epi/gastr/o/rrhaphy = suture of region over stomach

23. Prefix: epi- • Examples: • epi/didymis = small oblong body that rests on testicle • Contains convoluted tubules • Involved in sperm production and transportation • epi/didym/itis = inflammation of epididymis • epi/didym/ectomy = excision of epididymis

24. Dura Mater • Outer layer of meninges • Membranes that surround brain and spinal cord • epi/dur/al = area in layer or space upon dura mater • sub/dur/al = pertaining to below dura mater

25. Epidural and Subdural

26. Prefix: extra- • extra = outside or beyond • Example: • extra/nuclear = outside nucleus of cell

27. Prefix: extra- • Outside or beyond the following anatomical parts: • extra/uterine = uterus • extra/articular = joint • extra/cyst/ic = urinary bladder • extra/hepat/ic = liver

28. Terms with mamm/o • mamm/o = combining form for breast • Examples: • mamm/o/gram = x-ray picture of breast • mamm/o/graphy = process of taking x-ray of breast

29. Terms with mamm/o • Examples: • bi/lateralmamm/o/gram = procedure performed on both breasts • bi- = two or both • mamm/o/tomy = incision into breast tissue • mamm/o/plasty = surgical repair of breast • supra/mamm/ary = above breast

30. Prefix: sub- • sub- = under or below • Under or below the following anatomical parts: • sub/abdominal = abdomen • sub/aur/al = ear • sub/cutaneous = skin • Also known as subcu, subq, or s.c. • sub/lingual = tongue

31. Prefix: infra- • infra- = under or below • Many medical terms can be built using either sub- or infra- • Examples: • infra/stern/al and sub/sternal = below sternum • infra/costal and sub/costal = below ribs • infra/pubic and sub/pubic = below pubis

32. Prefix: meta- • meta- = beyond, after, or occurring later in a series • Examples: • meta/physical = beyond physical or of the spirit • meta/carpals = bones of hand beyond carpals • Wrist • meta/tarsals = bones of foot beyond tarsals • Ankle

33. Bones of the Wrist and Hand

34. Prefix: meta- • Examples: • meta/stasis = spread of disease beyond point of origin • meta/stases = plural form • meta/static tumor = secondary growth from malignant tumor • Primary site • Site of origin of cancer

35. Prefix: ultra- • ultra- = beyond or in excess • Examples: • ultra/violet (UV) = light waves beyond violet frequency • ultra/sonic = sound waves beyond audible frequency • ultra/son/o/graphy = process of making image using ultrasound • Also known as sonography • Used for both diagnostic testing and therapy

36. Sepsis • Poisoned state or infection caused by absorption of pathogenic bacteria into bloodstream • a/sepsis = without sepsis • Free of infection or infection-causing microorganisms • Performing procedures in environment free of pathogens

37. Sepsis • sept/o and seps/o = combining forms • Examples: • septic/emia = infection in bloodstream • septic/o/py/emia = infection with pus in bloodstream

38. Prefix: anti- • anti- = against • Many drugs categorized by what they work against: • anti/pyretic • anti/toxin • anti/narcotic • anti/convulsant • anti/depressant

39. Agents that Fight Pathogenic Organisms • Antiseptics • Agents that inhibit growth of organism • E.g., mercury, iodine, alcohol • Antibiotics • Prescription drugs that inhibit growth or destroy microorganisms • E.g., penicillin, Keflex, erythromycin

40. Agents that Fight Pathogenic Organisms • Disinfectants • Chemical or physical agents that kill microorganisms • E.g., bleach • Sterilization • Process that kills organisms of all sorts • E.g., autoclave using pressure and steam, bleach (does not kill spores)

41. Prefix: contra- • contra- = against • Usually used with modern English words • Examples: • contra/dict = to speak against what someone says • contra/ry = pertaining to being against each other • contra/cept/ive = against conception • contra/later/al = opposite side

42. Prefix: contra- • Examples: • contra/indicat/ion = against indication • Should not be used • contra/indicate = verb form • contra/indicated = past tense • Drugs may be contraindicated under certain conditions • E.g., pregnancy

43. Drug Categories

44. Drug Categories

45. Drug Categories

46. Prefix: trans- • trans- = across or over • Examples: • trans/position = position across or over • Organ placed on other side of body from where normally found • cardi/ac trans/position = heart on right side of body • gastr/ic trans/position = stomach on right side of body

47. Prefix: trans- • Examples: • trans/fusion = passing blood from one person to another • percutaneous trans/luminal angioplasty = procedure performed across lumen of heart artery • trans/urethr/al resection of the prostate (TURP) = insertion of instrument up urethra to remove excess prostate tissue

48. Catheter • Flexible tube • Catheterization • Inserting catheter • Uses: • Obtain sterile urine sample through urethra • Enlarge heart vessels or view inside of vessels • Called trans/catheter therapy or angioplasty