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Living Religions A Brief Introduction 3 rd Edition

Living Religions A Brief Introduction 3 rd Edition. Mary Pat Fisher. Chapter 3 Hinduism. Philosophical and metaphysical origins Major philosophical systems Religious foundations and theistic paths The Hindu way of life Hinduism in the modern world. Key terms. Aryans asanas ashram

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Living Religions A Brief Introduction 3 rd Edition

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  1. Living ReligionsA Brief Introduction3rd Edition Mary Pat Fisher

  2. Chapter 3 Hinduism Philosophical and metaphysical origins Major philosophical systems Religious foundations and theistic paths The Hindu way of life Hinduism in the modern world

  3. Key terms Aryans asanas ashram atman avatars bhakti Brahman Brahmanas brahmins caste chakra darsan devas dharma epics guru havan Kali Yuga karma Kshatriyas Kundalini lingam mantras moksha prana Prasad puja Puranas reincarnation Rig Veda rishi sacred thread sadhanas samadhi Samkhya Samsara Sanatana Dharma sannyasin Sanskrit

  4. Key terms (cont’d) Shaivites Shaktas shakti Shaktipat shudras shruti Soma sutra Tantras untouchables Upanishads Ushas Vaishyas Vaisnavites Vedanta Vedas yantras yoga yoni yugas

  5. Timeline c. 8000-6000 BCE c. 2500-1500 c. 2000-900 c. 1500 c. 1000-500 BCE c. 400 BCE-200 CE c. 400 BCE-400 CE 200 BCE 100-300 CE c. 600-1800 711 c. 788-820 1556-1707 1836-1886 1857-1947 Traditionally, Vedas heard by rishis Indus Valley civilization Supposed Aryan invasions of N. India Early Vedas composed Upanishads systematized by Vyasa Ramayana (present form) Mahabharata (present form) Traditionally, Patanjali edits Yoga Sutras Code of Manu compiled Bhakti movement flourishes Muslim invasions begin Shankara reorganizes Vedanta Mogul Empire Life of Ramakrishna British rule of India

  6. Introduction Some scholars claim there is no central tradition that can be identified as Hinduism The term Hinduism did not become common until the 19th century A range of practices that vary according to region, caste, gender, and education The philosophic Brahmanic tradition often referred to as Hinduism is but one aspect of a larger tradition

  7. Philosophical and Metaphysical Origins Brahmanic tradition traces back to the Vedic age, thousands of years ago The Indus Valley Civilization The history and precise dating of this period is controversial The Vedas Foundation of upper-caste Brahmanic Hinduism Revered collection of ancient sacred hymns The Rig Veda is the first & oldest of 4 collections

  8. Major Philosophical Systems Share Roots in the vedas Direct personal experience of truth thru meditation Ethics as necessary to orderly social life (related to karma) Suffering is due to ignorance of the eternal self

  9. Major Philosophical Systems (continued) Samkhya: Two states of reality Purusha, the Self Prakriti, the cause of the material universe Advaita Vedanta Monistic Based on the Upanishads Yoga: raja, jnana, karma, bhakti Union with the true Self

  10. Religious Foundations and Theistic Paths Three major groupings of deities worshipped by Hindus Shaktas: worship a Mother Goddess Shaivites: worship the god Shiva Vaishnavites: worship the god Vishnu

  11. The Epics and Puranas Illustrate trend toward personal love for a deity Two major epics Ramayana Mahabharata (includes the Bhagavad-Gita The Puranas Poetic Sanskrit texts that narrate the myths of ancient times

  12. The Hindu Way of Life Ritual: central to Hinduism Castes, duties, and life goals 4 occupational groups: Brahmins, Kshatriayas, Vaishyas, Shudras Untouchables lay outside the system 4 major goals for a good life: dharma, artha, kama, moksha

  13. The Hindu Way of Life (cont.) Life stages: student, householder, meditation/study, renunciation The guru: spiritual leader Women’s duties: dharma, marital wealth, sensual pleasure Fasts, prayers, and auspicious designs: determined by a complex lunar or solar calendar

  14. The Hindu Way of Life (cont.) Reverence of trees and rivers Pilgrimages Festivals

  15. Hinduism in the Modern World Hinduism has been influenced by contact with Buddhism, Jainism, and later Islam, and Christianity Modern movements: currently being challenged by social reform movements Global Hinduism: Has spread through immigration and conversion

  16. Hinduism in the Modern World (cont.) Hindu identity Some link Hinduism with nationalism India’s constitution enshrines secularism According to the Indian Supreme Court, to be Hindu means: Acceptance and reverence for the Vedas as the foundation of Hindu philosophy A spirit of tolerance, and willingness to understand and appreciate others’ points of view, recognizing that truth has many sides Acceptance of the belief that vast cosmic periods of creation, maintenance, and dissolution continuously recur Acceptance of belief in reincarnation Recognition that paths to salvation and truth are many Recognition that there may be numerous gods and goddesses to worship, without necessarily believing in worship through idols Unlike other religions, absence of belief in a specific set of philosophic concepts.

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