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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Introduction to Operating Systems. McGraw-Hill. Learning Objectives. LO 1.1 Describe the purpose and functions of operating systems LO 1.2 Describe major events in the evolution of operating systems LO 1.3 List and compare the common operating systems in use today.

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Introduction toOperating Systems McGraw-Hill

  2. Learning Objectives LO 1.1 Describe the purpose and functions of operating systems LO 1.2 Describe major events in the evolution of operating systems LO 1.3 List and compare the common operating systems in use today

  3. An Overview of Operating Systems • What is a Microcomputer? • A computer built around a microprocessor • Microprocessor is a special integrated circuit (IC) that performs calculations and processing • An IC (chip) is a small electronic component made up of transistors and other miniaturized parts • Microprocessor also called central processing unit (CPU) • Many other ICs in a computer

  4. A typical PC with components

  5. An Overview of Operating Systems • What’s Inside a Microcomputer? • A least one CPU • Motherboard • RAM • ROM BIOS • Also attached • Keyboard • Display • Printer • Pointing Device and much more

  6. An Overview of Operating Systems • What’s Inside a Microcomputer? • More About ROM BIOS • Program code for basic control of devices • Many components contain additional ROM BIOS • Device drivers install in OS for each device • ROM BIOS includes power-on-self test (POST)

  7. Figure 1-1 An example of a BIOS start-up message

  8. An Overview of Operating Systems • What’s Types of Microcomputers are in Use Today? • Desktops and Laptops • Servers • Handheld Devices • Growing number and types • Most popular are smartphones (iPhone, BlackBerry, etc.)

  9. A PC laptop

  10. Two MacBook laptops

  11. An Overview of Operating Systems • Functions of Operating Systems • An Operating System is: • The central control program(s) for a computer • Loads when computer is turned on • Kernel (main component) remains in memory • Manages low-level OS tasks • Acts as intermediary between applications & hardware

  12. An Overview of Operating Systems • Functions of Operating Systems • User interface • Job management • Task management • Memory Management • File management • Device management • Security

  13. The functions of an operating system

  14. An Overview of Operating Systems • User Interface • AKA the ‘shell’ • A software layer for user interaction • Includes the command processor • Includes the visual components of the OS • Character-based command line • GUI

  15. Figure 1-2 MS-DOS prompt

  16. Figure 1-3 A typical GUI screen

  17. An Overview of Operating Systems • Job management • Controls the order andtime in which programs are run • Task management • Found in multitasking operating systems • Controls the focus • Allows user to switch between tasks

  18. An Overview of Operating Systems • Memory Management • Manages placement of programs and data in memory • Virtual memory manager moves code and data to virtual memory (file on hard drive)

  19. An Overview of Operating Systems • File Management • AKA data management • Allows the OS to read, write, and modify data • Data is organized into files • Allows users to organize their files into containers called folders or directories

  20. An Overview of Operating Systems • Device Management • Controls hardware through device drivers • A device driver is unique to a device • Created by the manufacturer of the device to work with a specific operating system

  21. An Overview of Operating Systems • Security • Provides password-protected authentication of the user before allowing access • Checks user name and password • Restricts the actions that can be performed on a computer, customized for each user

  22. An Overview of Operating Systems • Categories of Operating Systems • Single-User/Single-tasking • Single-User/Multitasking • Multi-User/Multitasking • Real-Time • 16-, 32-, and 64-bit OSs

  23. Figure 1-4 Single-user/single-tasking

  24. Figure 1-5 Single-user/multitasking

  25. Figure 1-6 Multiuser/multitasking

  26. Figure 1-7 Example of a device containing a real-time embedded system

  27. Table 1-1 Windows Memory Limits

  28. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • UNIX–The OS for All Platforms • 1975: UNIX version 6 emerged from Bell Labs Computing Science Research Center (Bell Labs) • OS for many platforms • Free versions: BSD, Net BSD, Open BDS, & Open Solaris. Commercial versions: AIX, OpenServer (derived from SCO UNIX), & HP/UX • Traditional CLI shell • GNOME and KDE GUIs

  29. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • Theoretical designs started as early as the 1820’s • Early computers were single-purpose, with no need for OS • 1970s: TRS-80 and Apple II microcomputers • OSs evolved from need for multipurpose computers

  30. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • The Killer App • VisiCalc spreadsheet helped sell the Apple II • First IBM-PC sold without a killer app • DOS outsold CP/M for IBM-PC due to pricing • The Second Killer App • Lotus 1-2-3, a DOS-based spreadsheet • Created need for IBM/PC

  31. Figure 1-8 Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet

  32. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • Apple OS for Apple I and Apple II (non-GUI) • 1976: Steve Jobs created Apple I and founded Apple Computer • 1977: Apple introduces Apple II at the West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco • 1978: Added disk drives for Apple II • GUI Apple OSs • 1982: Apple Lisa computer • 1984: Macintosh computer

  33. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • GUI Apple OSs (cont.) • 1999: Mac OS 9 • Multi-user • Weak in memory management and multitasking • 2001: Mac OS X • First Mac OS based on UNIX • Has both a GUI and a CLI

  34. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • MS-DOS • 1981: IBM-PC with PC-DOS by Microsoft • Single-tasking with very limited memory support • No native GUI • No built-in security functions • Microsoft developed several versions of MS-DOS

  35. Figure 1-9 MS-DOS prompt with the Format command

  36. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • OS/2 (Operating System/2) • 1987: Version 1.0 introduced • Developed by Microsoft and IBM • 1.0 had costly memory and disk requirements • 1990’s: IBM introduced OS/2 Warp mainly for servers • 2003: IBM ended development of new versions • 2004: IBM sold PC division to China-based Lenovo Group

  37. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • Microsoft Windows • Versionis a new level of Windows OS • Edition is a unique product based on a version (several editions per version) • 1985: Windows 1 – a GUI on top of DOS • 1990: Windows 3.0 provided better support for legacy DOS applications • Windows 3.x works in Real mode, Standard mode, and 386 Enhanced mode • 1992: Windows 3.1 successful with MS Office

  38. Figure 1-10 Windows 3.1 desktop

  39. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • Windows for Workgroups • DOS and earlier versions of Windows had no built-in network support • 1992: Windows for Workgroups 3.1 and 3.11 enabled peer-to-peer networking • Still dependent on DOS

  40. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • Windows NT • 1993: First Microsoft OS to take full advantage of the capabilities of the Intel 386 protected mode • Two main versions of NT – one for servers and another for desktop computers • 1996: Windows NT 4.0 with a GUI similar to Windows 95 • Microsoft no longer sells or supports Windows NT

  41. Figure 1-11 Windows NT 4.0 desktop with open windows

  42. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • Windows 95 • 1995: Windows 95 introduced; predated Windows NT Workstation • A continuation of the Windows 3.X model: GUI on top of DOS • Both 16-bit and 32-bit code • A new GUI

  43. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • Windows 98 • 1998: An upgrade to Windows 95 • More stable • Greater integration with Internet Explorer • More customization options • Support for new devices like DVD drives • Drawback: Lacked local security

  44. Figure 1-12 MS Windows 98 desktop with open windows

  45. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • Windows Me • 2000: An upgrade to Windows 98 • Improved music, video, and home networking support • Provided both utilities and applications for dealing with PC software configuration, digital music, and video • Last Windows version based on Windows 95 kernel • Targeted the home market

  46. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • Windows 2000 • Windows 2000: Introduced in several editions • Windows 2000 Professional (for desktops and laptops) • Windows 2000 Server • Windows 2000 Advanced Server • Windows 2000 Enterprise Edition • Combines the best of Windows 98 and Windows NT

  47. Figure 1-13 MS Windows 2000 desktop

  48. Yesterday’s Operating Systems • The Evolution of Microcomputer OSs (cont.) • Windows XP • 2001: Several editions, but no server version • Most common: • Windows XP Home Edition • Windows XP Professional (enhanced security features) • Windows XP Media Edition • Most editions were 32-bit • Windows XP 64-bit Edition for Intel Itanium processor platform • Support life cycle for XP is ending

  49. Figure 1-14 MS Windows XP desktop with open windows

  50. Today’s Desktop OSs Table 1-2: Summary of Current Desktop OSs

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