The Cell – Label me!

1. The Cell – Label me!

2. Learning Objectives 1. Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure and explain the underlying reasons for this structure. 2. Outline the roles of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins and glycoproteins in membranes. 3. Outline the roles of the plasma membrane, and the roles of membranes within cells.

3. Key words you should know Glycoproteins Glycolipids Cholesterol Proteins Transport proteins Receptor molecules • Phospholipids • Polar • Hydrophilic • Hydrophobic • Micelles • Phospholipidbilayer • Fluid mosaic model

5. Cell membrane • All living things are surrounded by a membrane. • A cell membrane is also known as plasma membrane. • Controls exchange of materials such as nutrients and waste between cells and their environment. • Has other important functions for example to enable cells to receive hormones. • To understand the function of anything in biology, you must study the structure first!

7. Cell Membranes from Opposing Neurons (TEM x436,740). Nerve cell Gap between cells Cell membrane { } cell membrane 7nm wide Nerve cell

10. Cell membranes are made of PHOSPHOLIPIDs • HYDROPHILIC heads (water liking)-Attracted to the water • called POLAR • HYDROPHOBIC tails (water fearing)-Not attracted to the water • called NON-POLAR A Phospholipid

11. A Phospholipid Bilayer Phospholipids can form: BILAYERS -2 layers of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails protected inside by the hydrophilic heads. The PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER is the basic structure of membranes.

13. Structure of the cell membrane Phospholipids Cell membranes are made mainly of phospholipids. They have: HYDROPHILIC heads (water liking) -Attracted to the water POLAR HYDROPHOBIC tails (water fearing) -Not attracted to the water NON-POLAR Phospholipids can form BILAYERS -2 layers of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails protected inside by the hydrophilic heads. The PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER is the basic structure of membranes.

14. Diagram representing the cell membraneRemember the membrane is 7nm wide

15. Fluid mosaic model Cell membranes also contain proteins within the phospholipid bilayer. This ‘model’ for the structure of the membrane is called the: FLUID MOSAIC MODEL FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can move around freely within the layer, like it’s a liquid. MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from above.

16. Diagram of a cell membrane

20. Cell Membranes from Opposing Neurons (TEM x436,740). } Phospholipid Bilayer 7nm wide

21. STARTER: Features of the fluid mosaic model • Double layer – ……………………….of phospholipids which can move about by ………………………… in their own ………………………. • Phospholipid tails point inwards forming a …….………. and………………………… interior. The phospholipid heads point outwards facing the aqueous (water containing) medium surrounding the membrane. • Most protein molecules …………………. like icebergs in the layers, some are fixed to ………………………. inside the cell and don’t float. • Some proteins are embedded in the outer layer, some in the inner layer and some ………………… the two layers. • Hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the protein molecules sit next to the …………………………… and ………………………….. portions of the ……………………………… of the membrane. This ensures the proteins stay in the membrane. • The membrane is ……nm thick on average. • PHOSPHOLIPIDS • 7nm • MONOLAYER • BILAYER • DIFFUSION • SPAN • HYDROPHILIC • HYDROPHOBIC • STRUCTURES • HYDROPHOBIC • NON-POLAR • FLOAT

22. Features of the fluid mosaic model • Double layer – BILAYER of phospholipids which can move about by DIFFUSION in their own MONOLAYER • Phospholipid tails point inwards forming a NON-POLAR HYDROPHOBICinterior. The phospholipid heads point outwards facing the aqueous (water containing) medium surrounding the membrane. • Most protein molecules float like icebergs in the layers, some are fixed to STRUCTURES inside the cell and don’t float. • Some proteins are embedded in the outer layer, some in the inner layer and some SPAN the two layers. • Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic parts of the protein molecules sit next to the HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC portions of the PHOSPHOLIPIDS of the membrane. This ensures the proteins stay in the membrane. • The membrane is 7nm thick on average.

23. Chemicalnature of the plasma membrane wateracidethanolwater • Since bleeding occurs in the tubes containing _____________ , _____________ and _____________ the cell membranes must have been destroyed in each of these tubes. _____________ and _____________ destroy the membrane by _____________ the protein molecules embedded in the plasma membrane. _____________dissolves the phospholipid component of the membrane. acid ethanol water at 70°C Acid water at 70°C denaturing Ethanol

24. Summary