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The Fruits. The frut is the devoloped , fertilized, mature ovary or ovaries of a single flower. Function: to protect and nourish the seed during development. A-Superior Fruits: e.g Linseed , Solanaceae, Mustard. B-Inferior fruits: Cardamom , Umbelliferae. Inferior fruits. Superior fruits.
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The Fruits • The frut is the devoloped , fertilized, mature ovary or ovaries of a single flower. • Function: to protect and nourish the seed during development.
A-Superior Fruits: • e.g Linseed, Solanaceae, Mustard. • B-Inferior fruits: • Cardamom, Umbelliferae
Inferior fruits Superior fruits
The Fruit is Classified into • True False The Gynoecium only The Gynoecium + other floral parts
True Fruits Composite (compound) Simple Aggregate Derived from apocarpous ovary (separate carpels) e.g Star anise Formed from the whole inflorescence e.g Mullberry شجرة التوت Derived from single ovary of one or more united carpels e.g Fennel
The Fruits The Fruits True True False False Simple Simple Aggregate Aggregate Composite Composite Succulent Succulent Dry Dry Achenes Achenes Follicles Follicles The Fruits
Succulent (fleshy pericarp) • Drupe, the endocarp • is hard and woody • Berry, the endocarp • neither hard • nor lignified
Dry (with a dry or leathery pericarp) • Dehiscent: split open when ripe to release the seeds • Indehiscent: don’t split open when ripe (one seeded) • Schizocarpic: - bi- or multilocular fruit, - split up into one seed indehiscent parts (mericarps)
Dehiscent Fruits 1-Follicle: the splitting along one side only e.g. star anise, strophanthus 2- Siliqua: the splitting by 2 valves to apex e.g mustard seed
3- Legume • The splitting along the two sides
Capsule As 1/or 2 but seeds remain attached to central axis As 1 or 2 but seeds remain Split along middle septa Split along the middle septa Split along the middle line of each locule Split open into locules
Partial longitudinal splitting forming teeth Split by pores Capsule whose upper part falls off when the seeds are released-
don’t split open when ripe (usually one-seeded) Monocarpillary derived from superior ovary, pericarp is memberaneous-not fused with the testa e.g strawberry (aggregates of achene) a b c d
Caryopsis From inferior ovary
Indehiscent cont.)) Sycamore شجرة الجميز البندق
e.g Labiatae On ripening, it splits into numerous one-seeded achene-like mericarps
Polycarpellary multilocular ovary Composed of 2 or more indehiscent winged parts split from each other e.g Castor الخروع سكر القيقب
Aggregate Fruits • Achenes: grouped on swollen or dry receptacle • Follicles: A Follicle is a dry dehiscent fruit which splits on one side only. It may contain one or many seeds.
3-Composite fruit Syconus Strobile , derived from scaly inflorescence e,g Hops A collectivefleshyfruit, in which theovariesarehiddenwithinahollowreceptacle, as in thefig.
Serosis (soross): derived from a spike (inflorescence) with a fleshy axis and perianthes of the single fruits fused together. e.g Mullberry long pepper Long pepper 3-Composite fruit (cont.)
Histology of the fruit • As the ovary matures, its wall develops to form the pericarp, which is divided into three layers. The outermost, the exocarp, is usually a single epidermal layer. The extent of the middle layer, the mesocarp,
The inner layer, the endocarp, varies widely, but in any single type of fruit one of the layers may be thick, the others thin. • These layers are generally more conspicuous in fleshy fruits than in dry ones.
Terminology of the fruit • Carpophore:Floral axis extension between adjacent carpels, • as in the Apiacea. • Epicarp or Exocar:Outermost layer of pericarp • Mesocarp: Middle layer of pericarp.
Endocarp:Innermost differentiated layer of pericarp. • Pericarp:Fruit wall. • Placenta: Region of attachment of seeds on inner fruit wall.
Caox Oil drops (Innermost of mesocarp)
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