1 / 40

Present value, annuity, perpetuity

Present value, annuity, perpetuity . Financial Economics 2012 höst. How to Calculate Present Values. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Time value of money how to calculate present value of future cash flows.

dextra
Download Presentation

Present value, annuity, perpetuity

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Present value, annuity, perpetuity Financial Economics 2012 höst

  2. How to Calculate Present Values LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Time value of money • how to calculate present value of future cash flows. • To calculate the present value of perpetuities,growing perpetuities, annuities and growing annuities. • Compound interest and simple interest • Nominal and effective interest rates. • To understand value additive property and the concept of arbitrage. • the net present value rule and the rate of return rule.

  3. Time value of money • The value of 1 € today is not the same as 1 € in a year’s time • Suppose the interest rate on savings is 2% per year. • At the end of year 1: 1 € × (1+0,02)=1,02 • At the end of year 2: 1,02€ × (1+0,02) =1,0404 year 3: 1,0404 × (1+0,02)=1,0612 i.e. FV = 1€× (1 + 0,02)3

  4. Topics Covered • Future Values and Compound Interest • Present Values • Multiple Cash Flows • Level Cash Flows Perpetuities and Annuities • Effective Annual Interest Rates • Inflation & Time Value

  5. Calculating future value of 1$ Note that the 1 $ doubled in about 37 year’s time, given interest rate 2%.

  6. future value and present value • FV = PV× (1 + r)t where FV = Future value PV = Present value r = interest ratet = number of years (Periods) It is readily seen, PV = FV/ (1 + r)t

  7. Manhattan Island SaleThe Power of Compounding! Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island for $24 in 1626. Was this a good deal? To answer, determine $24 is worth in the year 2008, compounded at 8%. FYI - The value of Manhattan Island land is well below this figure.Obs! 8% is way to high as historical return! Test 5% 3% or 2 % instead. The value of the purchase then becomes catastrophically exponentially lower!

  8. Future Values Compound Interest - Interest earned on interest. Simple Interest - Interest earned only on the original investment. Future Value - Amount to which an investment will grow after earning interest.

  9. Future Values Example - Simple Interest Interest earned at a rate of 6% for five years on a principal balance of $100. Interest Earned Per Year = 100 ×.06 = $ 6

  10. Future Values Example - Simple Interest Interest earned at a rate of 6% for five years on a principal balance of $100. Today Future Years 12345 Interest Earned Value 100 6 106 6 112 6 118 6 124 6 130 Value at the end of Year 5 = $130

  11. Future Values Example - Compound Interest Interest earned at a rate of 6% for five years on the previous year’s balance. Today Future Years 12345 Interest Earned Value 100 6 106 6.36 112.36 6.74 119.10 7.15 126.25 7.57 133.82 Value at the end of Year 5 = $133.82

  12. Future Values Future Value of $100 = FV

  13. Future Values Example - FV What is the future value of $100 if interest is compounded annually at a rate of 6% for five years?

  14. Future Values with Compounding Interest Rates

  15. Present Values Present Value Value today of a future cash flow. Discount Factor Equals to Present value of a $1 future payment. Discount Rate Interest rate used to compute present values of future cash flows. r

  16. Present Values

  17. Present Values Example 5.2 You just bought a new computer for $3,000. The payment due in 2 years. That means you need to pay 3000$ after 2 years. If you can earn 8% on your money, how much money should you set aside today in order to make the payment when due in two years?

  18. Present Values Discount Factor = DF Note that discount factor is the same as PV of $1 in t year´s time • Discount Factors can be used to compute the present value of any cash flow. • PV=DF*FV

  19. Time Value of Money(applications) • The PV formula has many applications. Given any variables in the equation, you can solve for the remaining variable.

  20. PV of Multiple Cash Flows Example Your auto dealer gives you the choice to pay $15,500 cash now, or make three payments: $8,000 now and $4,000 at the end of the following two years. If your cost of money is 8%, which do you prefer?

  21. Present Values $8,000 $4,000 $ 4,000 Present Value Year 0 4000/1.08 4000/1.082 Total = $3,703.70 = $3,429.36 = $15,133.06 Year 0 1 2 $8,000

  22. PV of Multiple Cash Flows • PVs can be added together to evaluate multiple cash flows.

  23. Perpetuities & Annuities Perpetuity A stream of level cash payments that never ends. Annuity Equally spaced level stream of cash flows for a limited period of time.

  24. Perpetuities & Annuities PV of Perpetuity Formula C = cash payment r = interest rate

  25. Perpetuities & Annuities Example - Perpetuity In order to create an endowment, which pays $100,000 per year, forever, how much money must be set aside today in the rate of interest is 10%?

  26. Perpetuities & Annuities Example - continued If the first perpetuity payment will not be received until three years from today, how much money needs to be set aside today?

  27. Perpetuities & Annuities PV of Annuity Formula C = cash payment r = interest rate t = Number of years cash payment is received

  28. Perpetuities & Annuities PV Annuity Factor (PVAF) - The present value of $1 a year for each of t years.

  29. Perpetuities & Annuities Example - Annuity You are purchasing a car. You are scheduled to make 3 annual installments of $4,000 per year. Given a rate of interest of 10%, what is the price you are paying for the car (i.e. what is the PV)?

  30. Perpetuities & Annuities Applications • Value of payments • Implied interest rate for an annuity • Calculation of periodic payments • Mortgage payment • Annual income from an investment payout • Future Value of annual payments

  31. Perpetuities & Annuities Example - Future Value of annual payments You plan to save $4,000 every year for 20 years and then retire. Given a 10% rate of interest, what will be the FV of your retirement account?

  32. Effective Interest Rates Annual Percentage Rate - Interest rate that is annualized using simple interest. Effective Annual Interest Rate - Interest rate that is annualized using compound interest.

  33. Effective Interest Rates example Given a monthly rate of 1%, what is the Effective Annual Rate(EAR)? What is the Annual Percentage Rate (APR)?

  34. Effective Interest Rates example Given a monthly rate of 1%, what is the Effective Annual Rate(EAR)? What is the Annual Percentage Rate (APR)?

  35. Inflation Inflation - Rate at which prices as a whole are increasing. Nominal Interest Rate - Rate at which money invested grows. Real Interest Rate - Rate at which the purchasing power of an investment increases.

  36. Inflation Annual U.S. Inflation Rates from 1900 - 2007 Annual Inflation, %

  37. Inflation approximation formula

  38. Inflation Example If the interest rate on one year govt. bonds is 6.0% and the inflation rate is 2.0%, what is the real interest rate? Savings Bond

  39. Inflation • Remember: Current dollar cash flows must be discounted by the nominal interest rate; real cash flows must be discounted by the real interest rate.

More Related