B. Information Technology (IS) CISB434: Decision Support Systems

1. B. Information Technology (IS)CISB434: Decision Support Systems Chapter 10: Integration, Impacts & The Future of MSS

2. Learning Objectives • Understand the need for systems integration for MSS • Describe the difficulties in integrating systems • Describe major models of MSS integration • Describe MSS integration with enterprise systems

3. Learning Objectives • Discuss the impacts of MSS • Describe organizational impacts of MSS • Learn the potential impacts of MSS on individuals • Describe societal impacts of MSS • Describe major ethical and legal issues of MSS implementation

4. Learning Objectives • Define the digital divide and discuss how to close it • Provide an overview regarding the future of MSS

5. Integration, Impacts & The Future of MSS Need for Systems Integration in MSS

6. Systems Integration An Overview • Why integrate? • Implementing MSS • Increasing the capabilities of the MSS applications • Enhancing the capabilities of non-MSS applications • Enabling real-time decision support • Enabling more powerful applications • Facilitating system development • Enhancing with intelligent tools

7. Systems Integration An Overview • Levels of integration • Across different MSS • Within MSS • Embedded intelligent systems • Integration and the Web

8. Systems Integration Types of MSS • Models of Integrating ES and DSS • Intelligent systems attached to DSS com-ponents • Database intelligent component • Intelligent system for the model base and its management

9. Systems Integration Types of MSS • Models of Integrating ES and DSS • Intelligent systems attached to DSS com-ponents • Intelligent system for improving the user interface • Intelligent consultant to DSS builders • Intelligent consultant to users

10. Systems Integration Types of MSS • Models of Integrating ES and DSS • An ES as a separate component in a DSS • ES output as input to BA • Analysis output as input to ES • Feedback

11. Systems Integration With Enterprise Systems & KM • Integration with ERP and SCM Systems • Integration with KMS • Integration of KMS with other business in-formation systems • Integrating DSS and KMS • Integration of intelligent systems and KMS • Other KM–related integration

12. Integration, Impacts & The Future of MSS The Impacts of MSS

13. Impacts of MSS

14. Impacts of MSSAn Overview • MSS impacts • Particular individuals and jobs • Work structures of departments and units within an organization • Total organizational structures • Entire industries, communities, and society as a whole

15. Impacts of MSSOn Organizations • New organizational units • Management support department • BI department (unit) • Artificial intelligence department • Knowledge management department that can be combined with or replace a quantitative analysis unit

16. Impacts of MSSOn Organizations • Organizational culture • Restructuring business processes and virtual teams • Business process reengineering (BPR) • Changes in structure, organizational culture, and processes within an entire organization • Simulation modeling and organizational restructuring

17. Impacts of MSSOn Organizations • The impacts of ADS systems • Reduction of middle management • Empowerment of customers and business partners • Improved customer service (e.g., faster reply to requests) • Increased productivity of help desks and call centers

18. Impacts of MSSOn Organizations • Other organizational impacts • Increased productivity, speed, customer satisfaction, quality, and supply-chain improvements resulting in strategic advantage • Entire industries are affected

19. Impacts of MSSOn Organizations

20. Impacts of MSSOn Individuals • Job satisfaction • Both positively and negatively. • Some jobs may be enriched by MSS, but others may become more routine and less satisfying. • Computer-based information systems may reduce managerial discretion in decision making • Conversely, one study showed that IT has had a positive effect on four of the five core job dimensions: identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback. • Inflexibility, dehumanization, stress, and anxiety • Job stress and anxiety • Cooperation of experts

21. Impacts of MSSOn Society • Changing role of home-bound people • Computer crime and fraud • Consumers • The digital divide • Employment levels • Opportunities for the disabled • Quality of life • Work in hazardous environments

22. Automating Decision Making Manager’s Job • The effect of MSS on managers’ activi-ties and their performance • Less expertise (experience) is required for making many decisions • Faster decision making is possible • Less reliance on experts and analysts • Power is redistributed among managers

23. Automating Decision Making Manager’s Job • The effect of MSS on managers’ activi-ties and their performance • Support for complex decisions makes them faster to make and of better quality • Information needed for high-level decision making is expedited or even self-generated • Automation of routine decisions may elimi-nate some managers

24. Automating Decision Making Manager’s Job • Can managers’ jobs be automated? • Some of their routine decisions, such as scheduling, can be automated • but not other decisions that involve behavioral aspects • The job of top managers is the least routine and therefore the most difficult to automate

25. Intelligent & Automated Syst. Employment Levels • Impact of MSS on employment levels • MSS have the potential to • significantly affect the productivity and employ-ment of many types of employees • partially or even completely eliminate jobs • Technology is getting less expensive and more capable • bringing about substantial changes in jobs and job content

26. Intelligent & Automated Syst. Employment Levels • Impact of MSS on employment levels • Two extreme positions • massive unemployment • increased employment • There are a number of newly created MSS-related jobs

27. Intelligent & Automated Syst. Employment Levels • Impact of MSS on employment levels • Questions about how intelligent sys-tems will affect employment • Is some unemployment socially desirable? • Should the government intervene in the • distribution of income • determination of the employment level?

28. Intelligent & Automated Syst. Employment Levels • Impact of MSS on employment levels • Questions about how intelligent sys-tems will affect employment • Can the invisible hand in the economy, which has worked so well in the past, continue to be successful in the future? • Will artificial intelligence make most of us idle but wealthy?

29. Other Societal Impacts of MSS Positive Effects of MSS • Work in hazardous environments • Opportunities for the disabled and elderly • The changing roles of single parents and home-bound people • Improvements in health care delivery • Aids for the consumer • Quality of life at home and in the workplace • Law enforcement and homeland security improvement

30. Other Societal Impacts of MSS Potential Negative Effects • Computer crime and internet fraud • Too much power • The dangers of the web • Blaming the computer phenomenon • Social responsibility

31. Integration, Impacts & The Future of MSS Ethical & Legal Issues of MSS Implementation

32. Legality, Privacy & Ethics Some Issues • Legal issues • What is the value of an expert opinion in court when the expertise is encoded in a computer? • Who is liable for wrong advice (or infor-mation) provided by an ES? • What happens if a manager enters an incorrect judgment value into an MSS and the result is damage or a disaster?

33. Legality, Privacy & Ethics Some Issues • Legal issues • Who owns the knowledge in a knowledge base? • Should royalties be paid to experts who provide knowledge to an ES or a know-ledge base? • Can management force experts to contri-bute their expertise?

34. Legality, Privacy & Ethics Some Issues • Privacy • The right to be left alone and the right to be free from unreasonable personal intrusions • Two rules followed fairly closely in court decisions • The right of privacy is not absolute. Privacy must be balanced against the needs of society • The public’s right to know is superior to the in-dividual’s right to privacy

35. Legality, Privacy & Ethics Some Issues • Privacy • Collecting information about individuals • The Web and information collection • Homeland security and individual privacy

36. Legality, Privacy & Ethics Some Issues • Ethics in decision making and support • Personal values constitute a major factor in the issue of ethical decision making • Non-work related use of the Internet

37. Legality, Privacy & Ethics Some Issues • Ethics in decision making and support • Framework describing ethics processes and systems • Who is the agent? • What action was actually taken or is being con-templated? • What are the consequences of the act? • Is the result fair or just for all stakeholders?

38. Legality, Privacy & Ethics Some Issues

39. Integration, Impacts & The Future of MSS The Digital Divide

40. Digital DivideDefinition • Growing gap between those who have and those who do not have the ability to use the technology • The gap exists both within and between countries as well as between large and small businesses

41. Digital DivideClosing the Gap • One device that is helping to close the gap is the smart phone that enables Internet access without the need of having a PC

42. Integration, Impacts & The Future of MSS The Future of MSS

43. Management Support Systems The Future • MSS will play a larger role in strategic management due to BPM systems • Increase in use of the Web for MSS development and applications • BI is being combined with other Web-based enterprise systems • CRM, ERP and KM

44. Management Support Systems The Future • Intelligent systems have become major contributors • in the fight against terrorism and fraud • to productivity and improvements of quality of life • Web-based advisory services will mush-room on the Internet

45. Management Support Systems The Future • More complex MSS applications are expected • more complex problems will be solved • The trend toward making MSS more intelligent will persist

46. Management Support Systems The Future • Advancements in mobile, wireless, and pervasive computing • require the use of a greater and more diversified number of intelligent devices • MSS will be available for dissemination via Application Service Providers (ASP)

47. Management Support Systems The Future • Natural language-based search engines will populate the Internet, facilitating MSS construction by reducing costs • The semantic Web will increase the use of MSS • The use of voice technologies and natural language processing will further facilitate the usage of MSS

48. Management Support Systems The Future • Frontline decision support technologies that mostly support CRM will become an integral part of IT in most medium-sized and large organizations • MSS will continue to be integrated with ERP to provide better SCM, including manufacturing planning and control

49. Management Support Systems The Future • Large numbers of experts will offer expertise on the Internet and will become an important part of knowledge dissemination • More and more companies will initiate formal KM programs • some will sell that knowledge to others

50. Management Support Systems The Future • The usage of wireless technologies will allow employees to access MSS and knowledge bases anytime and from anywhere • Intelligent agents will roam the Internet and intranets, assisting decision makers in the monitoring and interpretation of information