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Arousal and Emotion

Explore the concepts of arousal and emotion, including the arousal response, the Yerkes-Dodson Law, the theories of emotion by James, Schachter, and Ekman, and brain-based theories. Learn how arousal levels and emotional states impact performance and well-being.

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Arousal and Emotion

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  1. Arousal and Emotion

  2. High Arousal • Arousal response - pattern of physiological change that helps prepare the body for “fight or flight” • muscles tense, heart rate and breathing increase, release of endorphins, focused attention • can be helpful or harmful • in general, high arousal is beneficial for instinctive, well-practiced or physical tasks and harmful for novel, creative, or careful judgment tasks

  3. Easy task Quality of performance Moderately difficult task Very difficult task Degree of arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law • Some arousal is necessary • High arousal is helpful on easy tasks • As level of arousal increases, quality of performance decreases with task difficulty • Too much arousal is harmful

  4. Concept of Emotion • A class of subjective feeling elicited by stimuli that have high significance to an individual • stimuli that produce high arousal generally produce strong feelings • are rapid and automatic • emerged through natural selection to benefit survival and reproduction

  5. Common-Sense Theory Stimulus (Tiger) Perception (Interpretation of stimulus-- danger) Emotion (Fear) Bodily arousal (Pounding heart) Theories of Emotion • Common sense might suggest that the perception of a stimulus elicits emotion which then causes bodily arousal

  6. James’s Theory Stimulus (Tiger) Perception (Interpretation of stimulus-- danger) Bodily arousal (Pounding heart) Emotion (Fear) James’s Peripheral Feedback Theory • perception of a stimulus causes bodily arousal which leads to emotion

  7. Schachter’s Theory Stimulus (Tiger) Perception (Interpretation of stimulus-- danger) Bodily arousal (Pounding heart) Emotion (Fear) Type Intensity Schachter’s Cognition-Plus-Feedback Theory • Perception and thought about a stimulus influence the type of emotion felt • Degree of bodily arousal influences the intensity of emotion felt

  8. Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory • Each basic emotion is associated with a unique facial expression • Sensory feedback from the expression contributes to the emotional feeling

  9. Average happiness score Average anger score Facial expression Facial expression Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory Facial expressions have an effect on self-reported anger and happiness

  10. Temperature change (degrees C) Heart rate change (beats per minute) (a) (b) Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory Facial expressions can produce effects on the rest of the body

  11. Brain-Based Theory of Emotions • Amygdala • evaluate the significance of stimuli and generate emotional responses • generate hormonal secretions and autonomic reactions that accompany strong emotions • damage causes “psychic blindness” and the inability to recognize fear in facial expressions and voice

  12. Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Brain-Based Theory of Emotions • Frontal lobes • influence people’s conscious emotional feelings and ability to act in planned ways based on feelings (e.g., effects of prefrontal lobotomy) left frontal lobe may be most involved in processing positive emotions right frontal lobe involved with negative emotions

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