Flynn’s Architecture

1. Flynn’s Architecture

2. Flynn’s Architecture • SISD (single instruction and single data stream) • SIMD (single instruction and multiple data streams) • MISD (Multiple instructions and single data stream) • MIMD (Multiple instructions and multiple data streams)

3. SISD • Single Instruction, Single Data (SISD) refers to an Instruction Set Architecture in which a single processor (one CPU) executes exactly one instruction stream at a time and also fetches or stores one item of data at a time to operate on data stored in a single memory unit.

4. SISD • Most of the CPU design, based on the von Neumann architecture, from the beginning till recent times are based on the SISD. • The SISD model is a typical non-pipelined architecture with the general-purpose registers, as well as dedicated special registers such as the Program Counter (PC), the Instruction Register (IR), Memory Address Registers (MAR) and Memory Data Registers (MDR).

5. SISD • No instruction parallelism • No data parallelism • SISD processing architecture example─ a personal computer processing instructions and data on single processor

6. SISD

7. SIMD • Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) is an Instruction Set Architecture that have a single control unit (CU) and more than one processing unit (PU) that operates like a von Neumann machine by executing a single instruction stream over PUs, handled through the CU. • The CU generates the control signals for all of the PUs and by which executes the same operation on different data streams.

8. SIMD • The SIMD architecture, in effect, is capable of achieving data level parallelism just like with vector processor. • Some of the examples of the SIMD based systems include IBM's AltiVec and SPE for PowerPC, HP's PA-RISC Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions (MAX), Intel's MMX and iwMMXt, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 and SSSE3, AMD's 3DNow! etc.

9. SIMD • Multiple data streams in parallel with a single instruction stream • SIMD processing architecture example─ agraphic processor processing instructions for translation or rotation or other operations are done on multiple data • An array or matrix is also processed in SIMD

10. SIMD

11.  MISD • Multiple Instruction, Single Data (MISD) is an Instruction Set Architecture for parallel computing where many functional units perform different operations by executing different instructions on the same data set. • This type of architecture is common mainly in the fault-tolerant computers executing the same instructions redundantly in order to detect and mask errors.

12.  MISD • Multiple instruction streams in parallel operating on single instruction stream • Processing architecture example─ processing for critical controls of missiles where single data stream processed on different processors to handle faults if any during processing

13.  MISD

14. MIMD • Multiple Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream (MIMD) is an Instruction Set Architecture for parallel computing that is typical of the computers with multiprocessors. • Using the MIMD, each processor in a multiprocessor system can execute asynchronously different set of the instructions independently on the different set of data units.

15. MIMD • The MIMD based computer systems can used the shared memory in a memory pool or work using distributed memory across heterogeneous network computers in a distributed environment. The MIMD architectures is primarily used in a number of application areas such as computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing, simulation, modeling, communication switches etc • Multiple processing streams in parallel processiong on parallel data streams

16. MIMD • MIMD processing architecture example is super computer or distributed computing systems with distributed or single shared memory.

17. MIMD

18. The MOMS taxonomy of parallel machines • The SIMD/MIMD taxonomy leaves something to be desired, since there are many subclasses of MIMD that do not appear in the model, and one class (MISD) that appears in the model but not in real life. • Gustafson (1990) proposes the following taxonomy.

19. The MOMS taxonomy of parallel machines

20. The MOMS taxonomy of parallel machines

21. The MOMS taxonomy of parallel machines • MODS (Monolithic operations, distributed data). Examples: Connection Machine (CM-1, CM-2), MassPar.

22. The MOMS taxonomy of parallel machines • DOMS (Distributed operations, monolithic storage) Examples: Sequent Balance and Symmetry, BBN Butterfly, Cray Y-MP.

23. The MOMS taxonomy of parallel machines • DODS (Distributed operations, distributed storage) Examples: N-CUBE, Intel iPSC, Meiko Computing Surface.