Material Cycles in an Ecosystem

1. Topic: Ecology Aim: Describe the various material cycles in an ecosystem. Do Now: Next slide HW: Finish Material Cycles Reading Notes Food chain lab due tomorrow! CL Evolution Exam due Monday!!! No re-try credit!!!

2. Identify each labeled structure on the right and describe the function of each structure. W – Flower Reproduction X – Leaf Site of photosynthesis Y – Stem Transports water to the leaves Z – Roots Absorbs water from the soil

3. Pyramid of energy Tertiary consumers Energy decreases Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers

4. Tapeworms live in digestive tract

5. Tapeworms are long, flat parasites that live in the intestines of pigs, cows, and even humans. A tapeworm gets into its host by laying its eggs in the host’s food source. The host eats this food and the eggs develop and grow into tapeworms, which attach themselves to the intestines of their host. Tapeworms feed off the food that the host eats. Tapeworms have been known to live in a human for ten years without being detected!

6. Roundworms Many roundworm parasitic diseases result from human carelessness and a lack of appropriate personal hygiene and sanitation measures. Roundworms can range in size from those plainly visible to the naked eye to those several hundredths-of-an-inch long and visible only under a microscope. Most eggs or larvae are found in the soil and can be picked up on the hands and transferred to the mouth or can enter through the skin. Mature adult roundworms eventually end up or live in human intestines and cause a variety of health problems.

7. Hookworms live in the small intestine. Hookworm eggs are passed in the feces of an infected person. If the infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) of if the feces of an infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited on soil. They can then mature and hatch, releasing larvae (immature worms). The larvae mature into a form that can penetrate the skin of humans. Hookworm infection is mainly acquired by walking barefoot on contaminated soil. One kind of hookworm can also be transmitted through the ingestion of larvae.

8. Athlete's foot is a rash on the skin of the foot. It is caused by a fungus that grows on or in the top layer of skin. Fungi grow best in warm, wet places, such as the area between the toes. Athlete's foot spreads easily. Most often, people get it by walking barefoot on contaminated surfaces near swimming pools or in locker rooms. Most cases of athlete's foot can be treated at home with over-the-counter lotion, cream, or spray. For bad cases, your doctor may give you a prescription for medicine to put on your skin. You also need to keep your feet clean and dry. Wear shower sandals in shared areas like locker rooms, and use talcum powder to help keep your feet dry. Wear sandals or roomy shoes made of materials that allow moisture to escape. Athlete’s foot

9. Mistletoe is a plant that people hang above doorways at Christmas-time. Before it gets picked and hung inside it grows by living off of other plants.Mistletoe grows on woody plants, taking nutrients and moisture from them. It also “strangles” it—reducing the nutrients that the plant can take in. Mistletoe is considered a parasitic plant, because the mistletoe gets all the benefits, while the woody plant or tree has to support itself as well as the mistletoe.

10. The Catalpa Worm is being parasitized by tiny wasp larvae.  The adult wasps sting the caterpillar, injecting their eggs. The eggs hatch and devour the caterpillar from the inside, being careful not to disrupt any vital functions.  Eventually they emerge and spin cocoons of silk in which they transition from larvae to adult. 

11. Water Cycle

12. 1. Identify the process in which water warms and changes from liquid to water vapor • Evaporation

14. 2. Where does water evaporate from? • From the surfaces of lakes, streams, puddles and oceans

15. 3. Identify the process in which water evaporates off of leaves of a plant. • Transpiration

16. 4. How do animals get rid of CO2? Identify this life process. • Exhale carbon dioxide • EXCRETION

17. 5. Identify the process in which water vapor turns into water droplets. • Condensation

19. 6. Identify the process where water droplets fall the ground. • Precipitation

20. 7. Identify the processes involved in the water cycle. • Evaporation • Transpiration • Condensation • Precipitation • Excretion • Respiration

21. Condensation B._________________ Precipitation C._________________ Transpiration D.__________ A. _________ Evaporation

24. Nitrogen Cycle

25. 9. Identify 2 reasons why the nitrogen cycle is important in an ecosystem. • N is necessary ingredient in proteins • N is essential part of DNA of all organisms

26. 10. Describe the importance of proteins. • Required for all life processes that take place in cells of all organisms

28. 11. Describe nitrogen fixation. • Plants cannot absorb N gas • Soil bacteria can change N gas into form of nitrogen plants can use

29. 12. Identify the organisms involved in the nitrogen cycle. • Soil bacteria, plants, animals, decomposers

32. 13. Identify the process in which organisms used CO2 to make glucose . • Photosynthesis

33. 14. Identify the compounds released as a result of photosynthesis. • O2 • Glucose

34. 15. Identify the process that uses O2 to make energy. • Cell respiration

35. 16. Identify the two processes involved in the carbon-oxygen cycle. • Photosynthesis • Cell respiration

36. 17. Fill in the correct processes in spaces A and B. A B photosynthesis respiration

37. Identify any other processes that release CO2 into the atmosphere.

38. Let’s summarize… • Identify the processes involved in the carbon and oxygen cycle. • Identify the processes involved in the water cycle. • Explain why the nitrogen cycle so important in an ecosystem.

41. An incomplete food chain is shown below. algae→ minnow → lake trout → X 1. What could be represented by letter X? 1. lobster       3. human2. jellyfish     4. robin

42. An incomplete food chain is shown below. algae→ minnow → lake trout → X 2. Describe the effect of an increase in the minnow population on this food chain. Decrease in algae Increase in lake trout 3. Explain what happens to the amount of energy as it passes through the food chain. Energy decreases (used or lost as heat)

43. Which process produces carbon dioxide in the greatest quantity?  (1.) denitrification (2.) respiration  (3.) photosynthesis  (4.) nitrification

44. Which processes are involved in the water cycle?  (1.) respiration and photosynthesis, only (2.) transpiration and excretion, only  (3.) respiration, photosynthesis, evaporation, and condensation, only  (4.) respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration, excretion, evaporation, and condensation

45. Which statement is best supported by the diagram of the carbon-oxygen cycle?  (1.) Combustion adds O2 to the atmosphere and removes CO2.  (2.) Consumers generate O2 and utilize CO2.  (3.) Producers generate O2 and utilize CO2.  (4.) Decomposers add O2 to the atmosphere and remove CO2.

46. Which element is not recycled throughout an ecosystem by the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?  (1.) carbon  (2.) nitrogen  (3.) hydrogen  (4.) oxygen

47. False True or False • Organisms can acquire the nitrogen needed by taking it from the atmosphere. • Organisms release oxygen during cellular respiration which is then used for photosynthesis. • Organisms use nitrogen to produce carbohydrates. False False

48. 5. Water is cycled in an ecosystem through the processes of evaporation, condensation, transpiration, precipitation, and photosynthesis. 6. Decomposers break down dead material and aid in the nitrogen cycle. 7. Animals release urea as wastes. True True True

49. The graph shows the changes in two populations of herbivores in a grassy field. A possible reason for these changes is that  (1.) all of the plant populations in this habitat decreased  (2.) population A consumed the members of population B  (3.) population A produced more offspring than population B did  (4.) population B competed more successfully for food than population A did

50. Carbon & Oxygen Cycle Involves photosynthesis & respiration oxygen Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis carbon dioxide