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The Vietnam War 1965-1974

The Vietnam War 1965-1974. AP U.S. History. LBJ & Vietnam. Gulf of Tonkin (N. Vietnam) 2 U.S. destroyers attacked by N. V ietnam Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Drafted 6 weeks prior to incident . Do whatever means necessary to protect Southeast Asia. Election of 1964

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The Vietnam War 1965-1974

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  1. The Vietnam War1965-1974 AP U.S. History

  2. LBJ & Vietnam • Gulf of Tonkin (N. Vietnam) • 2 U.S. destroyers attacked by N. Vietnam • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Drafted 6 weeks prior to incident. • Do whatever means necessary to protect Southeast Asia. • Election of 1964 • Campaigns for restraint. (won’t send American boys to do what Asian boys need to be doing) • Goldwater advocates use of nuclear arms. • Escalates involvement after election.

  3. LBJ & Vietnam • 1966: 431,000 soldiers in Vietnam. • Authorizes Operation Rolling Thunder: • Air attacks. • Use napalm (jelly gasoline) • 17.6 million gallons of agent orange. • 3 million tons of bombs by 1968.

  4. Napalm and Agent Orange • Napalm • Destroys jungle by burning • Used in flamethrowers • Agent Orange • Herbicide • Destroys jungle • Dangerous to health!!

  5. Napalm

  6. Agent Orange

  7. War at Home • T.V. exposes U.S. soldiers setting fire to Vietnamese homes. • War cost $21B/year. • Americans want out (1965-1971).

  8. War at Home-Peace Movements • Free speech in 1964 Berkeley. • 800 students are arrested as University trysto stop their demonstrations. • San Francisco: Summer of Love, 1967 “be-in” of 75,000 people. • Hippies spread from Boston to Seattle. • Triggers sexual revolution and drug use. • The new “pill” affects living situations. • Unmarried couples living together • 1970: Live in communes where everything is shared from childcare, sexual partners, and housekeeping.

  9. Counterculture • LSD (illegal in 1968) and marijuana use skyrockets. • Bob Dylan taunts adults with, “Everybody must get stoned.” • Issues waning to parents: Your sons and your daughters Are beyond your control Your old road is Rapidly agin’ Please get out of the new one If you can’t lend your hand For the times they are a-changin’

  10. Soldiers • Average age of a soldier is 19. • (Voting age is 21) • 1969 institute the draft. • College deferments. • Soldiers join anti war movement. • 8.6M total soldiers served in Vietnam. • 40% come back with drug dependency or PTSD. • College campuses protest war.

  11. Antiwar Protests on College and University Campuses, 1967–1969

  12. Antiwar Protests on College and University Campuses, 1967–1969

  13. Antiwar Protests on College and University Campuses, 1967–1969

  14. Antiwar Protests on College and University Campuses, 1967–1969

  15. U.S. Military Forces in Vietnam and Casualties, 1961–1981

  16. LBJ’s Great Society • Economic Opportunity • War on poverty. • Job Corps • Vocational job training for urban black youth. • Low paying jobs. • Ignores root cause of poverty-unequal distribution of wealth. • Most of the money will go to Medicare, Social Security, and unemployment. • Expansion of welfare state

  17. Percent of Population Below Poverty Level, by race, 1959–1969

  18. 1968 • Jan 30,1968 • TET Offensive launched by Vietcong.( N. Vietnam) • Named for Vietnamese new year • Vietcong push into major cities and provincial capitals in South into Saigon • Shatters claims that the enemy is almost beaten. • U.S.: 1,600 dead, 8,000 wounded • Vietcong: 40,000 deaths (1/5 thanks) • 49% of people think Vietnam is a mistake. • Very graphic footage shown on TV • LBJ will not run for another term & calls for peace talks.

  19. MLK • MLK opposed war. (angers FBI) • Shot by James Earl Ray. • Plead guilty, died in prison of Hepatitis C • Memphis, Tennessee • April 4, 1968 • Riots break out all over the US. • Seen as “White America” killed him • LBJ does not attend funeral. • FBI celebrates.

  20. 1968 • Robert F. Kennedy is running for Democratic nomination. • Shot by SirhanSirhan. (Serving life) • Hubert Humphrey wins Democrat nomination. • Yippies: Counterculture group led by AbbieHofman, (Youth International Party) • Group of Hippies, called for festival of life, nude-in, wanted a pig for their candidate • Undercover police to infiltrate crowd and try to start a riot • Election, Nixon & Spiro Agnew (Republicans) narrowly win.

  21. The Election of 1968

  22. Nixon and New Federalism • Federalism: Power shared by the central government & state authorities. • Local empowerment. • Directed money and power away from bureaucracy and towards state municipalities. • Respond more efficiently to the people by removing the bureaucratic red tape. • For example, locally controlled desegregation.

  23. Nixon’s Presidency • First president to visit “Red” China. • Widens and intensifies the war • Henry Kissinger: National Security Council • US can’t regain global leadership by appearing weak • 1969:Vietnamization: South Vietnamese take over fighting. • Withdrawals 60K troops. • Widen war to Cambodia in 1970.

  24. Kent State University • During early 1970’s: Largest protests across country. • May 4, 1970: Kent State University • Huge protest on campus • 28 national guardsmen panic, shooting into an unarmed crowd of students. • Kill four and wound nine.

  25. Vietnam • Ho Chi Minh Trail • Connected N and S Vietnam • Controlled by N Vietnam • Transport of Vietcong, and supplies • Escape routes • U.S. bombs heavily

  26. Difficulty in Vietnam • Dense jungle • Muddy trails • Enemy looks like ally • U.S. Strategy • Search and destroy • Find Vietcong and kill

  27. End of the War • Congress wants to withdrawal funds from war. • 1973: Paris Peace Agreement • U.S. withdraw • Return of all U.S. POWs • Total cost of war was $150B. • Over 50K U.S. deaths. • South Vietnamese: 1.5M • North Vietnamese: 1M • End of 1975 N. Vietnam took over Saigon (S. capitol)

  28. Nixon’s Foreign Affairs • China: Anticipates end to cold war. • Ping-pong Diplomacy: (1971) Chinese host U.S. team. • 1972: Nixon visits China. • Weakens government of Taiwan. • Moscow to meet with Brezhnev. • Opens Moscow as a market. • Sell USSR 1$ bill grain

  29. Nixon’s Foreign Affairs • U.S. backed dictators • 1973: U.S. overthrows Salvador Allende in Chile, democratically elected president. • Allende is killed in junta. • Pinochet becomes ruler backed by U.S. • Delivers guns to Shah of Iran • Marcos in the Philippines • Botha in South Africa • Somoza of Nicaragua

  30. Nixon’s Re-Election Fund • Committee to • R • E • Elect the • President

  31. Watergate • Nixon: Determined to win election in 1972. • Takes nation off gold standard. • Closely resembles democrat fiscal policies. • Wiretaps news professionals • Encourage FBI to spy on civilians. • Authorize CREEP to spy on Democrats.

  32. Nixon: CREEP • Secret squad of “plumbers” to suppress leaks in the press. • First go after Daniel Ellsberg, turned over secrets of our involvement in Vietnam “Pentagon Papers” • NY Times v. U.S. • Government cannot suppress NY Times, there is not an immediate threat to U.S. • Break into Ellsberg’s psychiatrists office to try and discredit him. • Wiretap DNC headquarters

  33. Election of 1972 • McGovern is Democratic candidate. • Supports LSD, abortion & amnesty for those who avoided the draft. • Nixon ends up winning every state but Massachusetts. • Plumbers are arrested and traced back to Nixon. • He had taped every conversation in the office. • Nixon has to give up tapes (Supreme Court). • Tapes are bad and have blank spots. • Anti-Semitic slurs, ravings and paranoia, and admits he had ordered cover up in Watergate break in.

  34. Impeachment • House adopts 3 articles of impeachment for obstruction of justice. • 1972 Agnew had resigned for accepting kickbacks. • Gerald Ford had replaced him. • First president to resign from office on Aug 9, 1974. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7dtRDQrV6c • “Don’t blame me, I’m from MA” bumper stickers.

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