The Standard Model and Beyond

1. The Standard Modeland Beyond Harrison B. Prosper 6 July, 2010 Fermilab Summer Lecture Series

2. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Paul Gauguin (1897) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

3. The Standard Model

4. What is the Standard Model? The Standard Model (SM) is a quantum field theory that describes the excitationsof quantum fields in spacetime We interpret these excitations as particles

5. Matter Up quark Down quark u d Electron Antielectron Neutrino e

6. Forces Strong Force 1(Gluons) Binds protons and neutrons to form nuclei Electromagnetic Force 10-2(Photon) Binds electrons and nuclei to form atoms Weak Force 10-5(W & Z Bosons) Causes radioactivity Gravitational Force 10-39(Graviton) Binds matter on large scales

7. A Century of High Energy Physics J.J Thomson Discovery, Top Quark – 1995 CDF & DØ Discovery, Electron – 1897

8. A Century of Particle Physics 1897 – ELECTRON discovery Thomson 1909 – PROTON discovery Rutherford 1928 – ANTIMATTER theory Dirac 1930 – NEUTRINO theory Pauli 1932 – NEUTRON discovery Chadwick 1932 – POSITRON discovery Anderson 1935 – EXCHANGE theory Yukawa 1948 – QED theory Feynman,… 1961 - ELECTROWEAK theory Glashow 1964 – QUARK theory Gell-Man, Zweig 1964 – HIGGS theory Higgs, Englert,… 1967 – ELECTROWEAK theory Weinberg, Salam,…

9. A Century of Particle Physics 1971 – 73 QCD theory ‘t Hooft, Veltman, Gell-Man, Frisch, Gross, Wilzcek, Politzer 1974 – CHARM discovery Ting, Richter 1977 – BOTTOMdiscovery Lederman 1979 – GLUON discovery TASSO, JADE, MARK-J, PLUTO 1983 – W & Z discovery Rubbia/UA1, UA2 1995 – TOP discovery DØ & CDF

10. Proton P Electron e 1934 – Theory of Beta Decay Fermi’s 1934 theory of beta-decay Neutron N Enrico Fermi 1901 - 1954 Anti-electron neutrino νe

11. 1935 – Particle Exchange Theory Hideki Yukawa (1935) showed that the potential energybetween two particles has the form m is the mass of the particle exchanged between the them R = hc/ mc2is the range of the force Hideki Yukawa 1907 - 1981

12. y y g g f 1948 – Quantum Electrodynamics Feynman invented a systematic way to calculate the force between electrically charged particles, based on Yukawa’s idea of particle exchange Richard P. Feynman 1918 - 1988 Feynman Diagram

13. Proton P Electron Anti-electron neutrino e νe The Weak Force Given the success of QED it was natural to try to create an analogous theory of the weak force Neutron N

14. Proton P Electron Anti-electron neutrino e νe The Weak Force Given the success of QED it was natural to try to create an analogous theory of the weak force Neutron N W-

15. 1961 – The Electroweak Theory Abdus Salam Steven Weinberg Sheldon Glashow (1961) Glashow Theory + Higgs Theory Electroweak Theory (1967)

16. 1964 – The Quark Model Leptons Quarks +2/3 -1/3 -1 0 νe u d e νμ s μ Gell-Man and Zweig

17. u u u Delta++ The Delta++ puzzle The Quark Model +1 0 +2 u u d d d u Proton Neutron

18. u u d d u d u d s s s s The Quark Model Leptons Quarks +2/3 -1/3 -1 0 νe e νμ μ One possible solution: color charge (Greenberg, Frizsch, Gell-Man, Leutwyler)

19. The Quark Model +1 0 +2 d u u u u d u u d Proton Neutron Delta++ Problem solved !

20. 1971 – The Theories Make Sense! Martinus Veltman Gerard 't Hooft 1971 - Proved that theories of the sort created by Glashow, Weinberg and Salam are consistent

21. u u u u u u d d d d d d g g g u u u u u u The Strong Force Gross Proton Wilczek Politzer 1972-73 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)

22. Discovery of the Gluon DESY Hamburg, Germany 1979 TASSO MARK-J JADE PLUTO

23. Discovery of Top the Quark Fermilab 1995 CDF DØ

24. The Standard Model Leptons Quarks +2/3 -1/3 -1 0 νe u u d d e u d I II III νμ c c s s μ c s BosonsFermions ντ b b τ t t b t g g g g g g g g γ Z W+ W- H

25. …And Beyond

26. Supersymmetry Technicolor Compositeness Extra Dimensions Strings Brane Worlds Multiverse

27. Puzzles The Identity Puzzle What makes a top quark a top quark, an electron an electron, and a neutrino a neutrino? (Chris Quigg, 2007) The Mass Puzzle What is the origin of the mass of fundamental particles? The Matter Puzzle Why is there overwhelmingly more matter than antimatter?

28. Puzzles The Just-So Puzzle What determines the values of the Standard Model parameters? Or, are we special? The Gravity Puzzle Why strong: em: weak: gravity = 1: 10-2: 10-5: 10-39? The Dark Matter Puzzle What is dark matter? The Dark Energy Puzzle Why is dark energy?

29. The Mass Puzzle 5 MeV 2.3 MeV The Proton Basket d u u 2.3 MeV Total mass 9.6 MeV Total mass 938 MeV !!

30. T T The Mass Puzzle – A Solution? T T T T V V V V V V V V V T T T V T T V T V B. Robson, “The Generation Model and the Origin of Mass”, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E18 (2009)

31. Proton d u u The Just-So Puzzle 5.0 MeV 5.0 MeV 2.3 MeV _______ 12.3 MeV 2.3 MeV 2.3 MeV 5.0 MeV _______ 9.6 MeV Neutron u d d 938.3 MeV – 9.6 MeV 928.7 MeV 939.6 MeV –12.3 MeV 927.3 MeV Are we special?

32. Life in the Multiverse Scientific American January 2010 Alejandro Jenkins Florida State University

33. The Gravity Puzzle 10-39

34. Gravity on the Brane Our 3-D brane Isaac Newton(1687) Gauss’ Law

35. Gravity in 3 + n Dimensions Our 3-D brane Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, Dvali (1998) Gauss’ Law

36. Gravity in 3 + n Dimensions Suppose that gravity can propagate a distance R away from our 3-D brane world R

37. Gravity in 3 + n Dimensions When r >> R, the gravity force should look like Newton’s law of gravity R This yields the relation G = Gn / Rn

38. Searching for Branes at Fermilab! One way: look for photon + unexplained amounts of missing momentum G

39. The Era of the Large Hadron Collider Geneva CERN

40. The End CERN