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Seabirds

Seabirds. Penguins Albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels Pelicans, cormorants, boobies Gulls, terns, skuas , puffins Diving ducks Loons, grebes. “ Waterbirds ”. Herons, egrets Ducks, geese, swans Shorebirds. Global seabird declines. % of species in each IUCN Red List category.

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Seabirds

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  1. Seabirds Penguins Albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels Pelicans, cormorants, boobies Gulls, terns, skuas, puffins Diving ducks Loons, grebes

  2. “Waterbirds” Herons, egrets Ducks, geese, swans Shorebirds

  3. Global seabird declines % of species in each IUCN Red List category Red List Indices for (a) seabird and non-seabird species; (b) coastal species, pelagic species and listed in Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP)

  4. Threats/factors for decline Seabirds Pelagic seabirds Coastal seabirds

  5. Puget Sound declines • Common marine birds declining • 19 of 30 most common species in no. Puget Sound decreased by ~20% from 1978-2004 • Since 1979, marine bird numbers in the Puget Sound region has dropped 47% • Western grebe populations declined by 95% over last 20 years

  6. Likely factors (Puget Sound) • Forage fish population declines • Changing migration patterns • Predation/hunting • Habitat loss • Fisheries interactions • Bycatch from active fisheries • Derelict fishing gear • Harm to Arctic breeding grounds

  7. Puget Sound studies • PSAMP Winter Seabird Surveys (plane) • WDFW • Puget Sound and Washington Coast Seabird Population Trends (boat) • WDFW, USFWS • Puget Sound Seabird Survey (shore*) • Seattle Audubon • Rhinoceros Auklet Ecology (colony) • WDFW, UPS, NOAA

  8. Foraging ecology/behavior • Indirect evidence • Inferred from diet and movements • Bill load contents, stomach contents • Auklets, terns, cormorants • Regurgitated pellet analysis • Gulls, terns • Tagging studies (satellite, TDRs), radio • Auklets, terns, cormorants • Radar • Marbled murrelets. passerines

  9. Foraging ecology/behavior • Direct evidence • Observing individual behavior/movements • Line/strip transects (at-sea) • Scan and focal animal sampling (shore)

  10. Puget Sound Seabird Survey • Monthly (Oct.-Apr.) • High tide (4-hour window) • Shore-based (but of water) • Random, pre-selected sites • Binoculars/spotting scope • Geese, ducks, swans, loons, grebes, cormorants, gulls, terns, alcids • Spp., #, distance, bearing, sex ratio, flocks, weather

  11. Scan/focal sampling • Scan sampling • Counts of individuals in proscribed area(s) • Generates species densities, community composition, habitat association • Noting behavior (standing/sleeping, walking, foraging), generates # or % per behavior • Focal animal sampling • Individual behavior over proscribed time • Time-stamped behaviors • Note predators/competitors, habitat • Generates time budgets, consumption data, etc.

  12. Capture rates • Handling times • Prey selection • Kleptoparasitism • Migration timing • Habitat associations • Prey associations • Restoration activity

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