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btik ganviTareba : 1980-2008

btik ganviTareba : 1980-2008. leqcia # 8. 1. mimoxilva. rogor urTierTobaSia btik samecniero da teqnologiur ganviTarebasTan slaidebi 2-6 moqmedebis gadasasinji pirveli konferencia slaidebi 7-8 moqmedebis gadasasinji meore da mesame konferenciebi slaidebi 9-12

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btik ganviTareba : 1980-2008

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  1. btik ganviTareba:1980-2008 leqcia # 8

  2. 1. mimoxilva • rogor urTierTobaSia btik samecniero da teqnologiur ganviTarebasTan • slaidebi 2-6 • moqmedebis gadasasinji pirveli konferencia • slaidebi 7-8 • moqmedebis gadasasinji meore da mesame konferenciebi • slaidebi 9-12 • meoTxe da mexuTe konferenciebi • slaidebi 13-18 • moqmedebis gadasasinji meeqvse konferencia • slaidebi 19-20

  3. 2. faqtorebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben btik-ze • safrTxis aRqma • 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saxelmwifo programebi –erayi, samxreTi afrika, ssrk • qb terorizmi – zarini tokioSi, jilexiani werilebi • SeiaraRebis kontrolis teqnika • ndobis ganmtkicebis zomebi civi omis dasasrulisaTvis • universalizacia da erovnuli implementacia terorizmis prevenciaSi dasaxmareblad • samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebi

  4. 3. samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis zegavlena • muxli X • ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi • muxli IV • biousafrTxoebis standartebi • fizikuri dacvis moTxovnebi • muxli III • eqsportis kontrolis meqanizmebi • muxli I • centraluri akrZalvebi

  5. 4. gavlena muxlze I • 2000 wels mezelsonis mier dasmuli SekiTxva • “yvela ZiriTadi teqnologia – metalurgia, asafeTqebeli saSualebebi, Sida wva, aviacia, eleqtronika, birTvuli energia – ukve gamoyenebulia, ara marto mSvidobiani, aramed mtruli miznebiTac. bioteqnologiebsac, romlebic ocdameerTe saukunis mowinave teqnologiebi iqneba igive moelis?” • “amJamad Cven gzajvaredins vuaxlovdebiT – es aris dro, rodesac bioteqnologia, rogorc yvela sxva wina teqnologiebi, SeiZleba intensiurad iqnas mtruli miznebisaTvis gamoyenebuli an Cveni Stamebi sxva mimarTulebiT wavlen…”

  6. 5. btik da samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlileba • muxli XII • yovel xuT weliwadSi Catarebuli moqmedebis gadasasinji konferenciebi saWiroa, raTa yuradReba iqnas miRceuli samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebisadmi • Tavdapirveli dokumenti samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb • monawile qveynebs moeTxovebaT ganacxadis gakeTeba da dokumenti konferenciaze unda iyos warmodgenili • dokumenti ganixileba moqmedebis gadasasinj konferenciaze • SeTanxmeba miiRweva konsensusiT da Caideba saboloo deklaraciaSi muxlebis mixedviT • gavlena centralur akrZalvaze ganixileba muxli I-s farglebSi

  7. 6. kvlevis reJimi • wignSi “biologiuri ganiaraRebis reJimi” simsi msjelobda, rom moqmedebis gadasasinji mexuTe konferencia • “…unda dabruneboda, magaliTad, r1969 da 1970 wlebis konvenciis britanuli samusao variantis enas , da eTqva, rom monawile qveynebi cnoben movaleobas “ar gauwion daxmareba an miecen iseTi kvlevis ufleba, romelic qmnis muxli IT akrZalul produqcias…” • “unda ganecxadebina, rom kvleva da ganviTareba imdenad organuladaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, rom imisaTvis, rom aikrZalos bti-s ganviTareba, igive pirobebiT unda Sewydes maTi kvlevac…” • simsi amatebs, rom naTeli ar aris, ra momentSi agdalaxavs kvleva akrZalvebis xazs, magram vidre • “…es praqtikuli problema rCeba…darwmunebis tvirTi kvlevis Camtarebels awevs…”

  8. 7. 1980 wlis pirveli gadasasinji konferencia • samma depozitarma qveyanam - ssrk, aSS da gaerTianebuli samefo –Seitanes erToblivi wvlili • “10 (b) miuxedavad imisa, rom rekombinantuli dnm-is teqnikam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos mikroorganizmebze genetikur manipulaciebs biologiuri an toqsiuri iaraRis damzadebis mizniT, Sedegad miRebuli agentebi nakleb mosalodnelia, rom upiratesobiT sargeblobdnen bunebriv agentebTan SedarebiT, da amiT xels uwyobdnen aralegaluri produqciisaTvis axali motivebis warmoSobas ganWvretad momavalSi…” • SvedeTi nakleb optimituradaa ganwyobili • “es genetikeri meTodika qmnis potenciuri bi-agentebis Secvlis potencials , mag., gazardos maTi unari icocxlon sxvadasxva garemoSi….ver gamovricxavT, rom SeiZleba Seiqmnas axali bi-agentebi (mag., arsebuli virusebis kombinaciebi an virusebis kombinaciebi sxva genebTan) …”

  9. 8. pirveli gadasasinji konferenciis saboloo deklaracia • SeTanxmeba muxlis I garSemo • mxolod ori mokle abzacis • ambobs, rom • “konferenciam aRniSna muxlis I mniSvneloba, radgan es aris muxli, romelic gansazRvravs konvenciis moqmedebis areals da xelaxla amtkicebs mxardaWeras am muxlis debulebebisadmi.” • “konferencias sjera, rom muxli I aris saTanadod yovlismomcveli da faravs konvenciis Sesabamis arsebul samecniero da teqnologiur ganviTarebas.”

  10. 9.1986 wlis meore gadasasinji konferencia • Sesabamis samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb sawyis Tavdapirveli dokumentis SeqmnaSi wvlili oTxma qveyanam Seitana • gaerTianebulma samefom daaskvna (para 7.2), rom “1980 wlis dokumenti… eQvqveS ayenebda, rom amgvari gaumjobeseba warmoebas sagrZnob upiratesobas aniWebda axlo momavalSi. SemTxvevis dros mSvidobiani saqmianobis ganviTarebis swrafi tempi imis maCvenebelia, rom arsebobs ufro didi potenciali, vidre im dros Canda.” • da (para 4.1) “1980 wlis depozitarebis dokumenti ganixilavda mxolod toqsinebis qimiur sinTezs….genuri inJineriiT miRebuli mikrobuli sinTezi bevrad ufro did SesaZleblobebs iZleva… miRweul iqnas mniSvnelovani saomari miznebisaTvis... saWiro toqsinis raodenoba...” • es Sexedulebebi Zalian iyo gaZlierebuli SvedeTis mier Setanil samuSao dokumentSi

  11. 10. meore gadasasinji konferenciis saboloo deklaracia • SeTanxmeba muxl I-ze • xuTi abzaci, umetesad samecniero da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb • Semdegis CaTvliT • “konferencia, romelic gaazrebulad SiSobs, rom Sesabamisi samecniero da teqnologiuri ganviTareba, sxvaTa Soris, mikrobiologiis, genuri inJineriis da bioteqnologiis dargebSi, da maTi SesaZlo gamoyeneba im miznebiT, romlebic ar Seesabameba konvenciis miznebsa da debulebebs, xelaxla amowmebs, rom qveynebis mier aRebuli muxli I-T valdebulebebi exeba yvela am miRwevas.” • “konferencia xelaxla amowmebs, rom konvencia Tanabrad exeba yvela bunebriv Tu xelovnuri gziT Seqmnil mikrobul Tu sxva biologiur agents da toqsins, maTi warmoSobisa da miRebis meTodis miuxedavad. aqedan gamomdinare, toqsinebi (rogorc cilovani, aseve aracilvani), mikrobuli, cxoveluri Tu mcenareuli warmoSobis da maTi sinTeturad miRebuli analogebic moculia.”

  12. 11. 1991 wlis mesame gadasasinji konferencia • Sesabamis samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb sawyis Tavdapirveli dokumentis SeqmnaSi wvlili Svidma qveyanam Seitana • kanadam, Tavis mier wardgeni dokumentze damatebiT kidev Seitana erTi dokumenti saxelwodebiT axali toqsinebi da bioregulatorebi • aSS-s mier wardgenil dokumentSi aseve iyo aRniSnuli bioregulatorebis Sesaxeb codnis zrdis problema • “maTi moqmedebis areali faravs mTel cocxal speqtrs, fsiqiuri janmrTelobidan (mag. endorfinebi) janmrTelobis sxva aspeqtebiamde , rogorebicaa, magaliTad, ganwyobis kontroli, Segneba, temperaturis kontroli, Zili, an emociebi, da sxeulze maregulirebeli zemoqmedebis moxdena. am bunebrivi nivTierebebis odnav disbalanssac ki SeiZleba seriozuli Sedegebi mohyves, SiSebis, daRlilobis, depresiis an dauZlurebis saxiT. am nivTierebis deteqcia ukiduresad rTuli iqneba, magram maTma arasworad gamoyenebam SeiZleba seriozuli Sedegebi , sikvdilic ki gamoiwvios..”

  13. 12. mesame gadasasinji konferenciis saboloo deklaracia • SeTanxmeba muxlze I • meSvide paragrafi isev TiTqmis mTlianad exeboda samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis gavlenas • Semdegis CaTvliT • 1986 wlis saboloo deklaraciidan zogierTi masalis gameoreba • axali masala Seicavda • “konferenciam aRniSna, rom Ria atmosferoSi paTogenebis an toqsinebis gamoSvebiT eqsperimentebi, romlebmac SeiZleba ziani moutanos adamianebs, cxovelebs an mcenareebs, da romlebic profilaqtikis, dacvis an sxva mSvidobiani miznebiT ar tardeba, ar Seesabameba muxlSi I gamoTqmul debulebebs..” • da pirdapir mouwoda monawile qveynebis samecniero sazogadoebebs mxari dauWiron btik-s.

  14. 13. 1996 wlis meoTxe gadasasinji konferencia • Sesabamis samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb sawyis Tavdapirveli dokumentis SeqmnaSi wvlili oTxma qveyanam Seitana • Sveicariam, sxvaTa Soris, xazi gausva cvlilebis masStabebsa da temps • “bolo aTwleulis manZilze bioteqnologiam da genoteqnologiam biologiisa da medicinis mraval dargSi namdvili revolucia ganicada (da kavlav ganicdis). genetikuri informaciis Seswavlisa da manipulirebis SesaZleblobam sicocxlis ZiriTadi principis Sesaxeb did raodenobiT codnis dagroveba gaxda SesaZlebeli. …” • didma britaneTma wamoswia eTnikuri mimarTulebis sakiTxi • “…Iver gamovricxavT, rom genetikuri kvlevebidan miRebuli informacia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas garkveuli eTnikuri jgufis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli iaraRis Sesaqmnelad…”

  15. 14. meoTxe gadasasinji konferenciis saboloo deklaracia • SeTanxmeba muxlze I • muxlis I Sesaxeb sxra abzaci, romlebic imeorebda 1991 wlis mosazrebebs Ria garemoSi Catarebul eqsperimentebs da Seicavda mowodeba samecniero sazogadoebisadmi • gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia abzaci 6, romelic afarToebs im saqmianobis areals, romelic SiSs iwvevs • “6. konferencia, SeSfoTebuli inm SiSebis gamo, romelsac badebs Sesabamisi samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebi, sxvaTa Soris, mikrobiologiis, bioteqnologiis, molekuluri biologiis, genuri inJineriis dargebSi da genomis Seswavlidan miRebuli codnis gamoyeneba konvenciis miznebTan da debulebebTan Seusabamo miznebiT , xelaxla amtkicebs, rom monawile qveynebis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi muxlis I garSemo srulad faravs yvela am miRwevas.”

  16. 15. 2001-2002 wlebis mexuTe gadasasinji konferencia (i) • Tavdapirveli dokumentis SeqmnaSi wvlili xuTma qveyanam Seitana, oTxma BWC/CONF.V/4 – Si da didma britaneTma - BWC/CONF.V/4/Add.1 • samxreT afrikis wvlili BWC/CONF.V/4 –Si iyo im sakiTxze, romelsac adre didi yuradReba ar eqceoda – mcenareebis biokontrolis agentebis da mcenaris inokulantebis SemuSaveba . igi askvnida, rom, magaliTad • mcenaris inokulanti Seesabameba, radgan • “a. mzardi industria da sul ufro daxvewili warmoeba xels uwyobs bi produqciis potencialis amaRlebas, magaliTad, vaqcinebis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi.” • mcenareebis mavneblebis da Wiebis biokontroli Sesabamisia, radgan • “b. arasasurveli mcenareebi, eqzotikuri mcenareebi da mavne mcenareebic ki erT qveyanaSi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi, arsebiTi da, bevr SemTxvevaSi, gamoyenebuli komerciuli miznebiT (marcvleulad) sxva qveynebSi

  17. 16. 2001-2002 wlebis mexuTe gadasasinji konferencia (ii) • 2001 wlis Tavdapirveli dokumenti iyo uCveulo, vinaidan didma britaneTma daamata 29 gverdi. is Seicavda • A. Sesavals/mimoxilvas (gverdebi 1-6) • B. detaluri samecniero da teqnologiur mimoxilvas (gverdebi 7-29) • nawili A askvnida, rom • “18.…vinaidan mecnierebasa da teqnologiebs aCqarebuli tempi aqvT aRebuli, didi britaneTi eWvobs, upriania Tu ara btik-is farglebSi ganxilvis xuTwliani intervalebis SenarCuneba. didi britaneTi Semodis winadadebiT, rom momdevno mowmedebis gadasasinj konferenciaze ganxilul iqnas im meqanizmis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, romlis saSualebiTac monawile qveynebi erTmaneTTan ufro xSirad iurTierTeben amgvari samecniero da teqnikuri gadasinjvis Catarebaze gamocdilebis yvela saWiro doneze.”

  18. 17. 2001-2002 wlebis mexuTe gadasasinji konferencia (iii) • mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis didi britaneTis detaluri mimoxilva Seicavda 23 gansxvavebul sakiTxs • genomiqsi da proteomiqsi • bioinformatika • adamianis genomis proeqti da humanuri mravalferovneba • genuri Terapia • virulentoba da paTogenuroba • vaqcinebi da uaxlesi Terapia • rekombinantuli cilebis eqspresia • toqsinebi da sxva bioaqtiuri molekulebi • deteqciisa da identifikaciis teqnologiebi • adamianis infeqciuri daavadebebis xasiaTi • yvavilis ganadgureba • rezistentoba

  19. 18. 2001-2002 wlebis mexuTe gadasasinji konferencia (iv) • didi britaneTis mier mowodebuli sakiTxebi • daavadeba soflis meurneobaSi • mavneblebis kontroli soflis meurneobaSi • daavadebebis damarcxebis globaluri iniciativebi • molekuluri biologiis gamoyeneba da naTesebi • cilebis warmoebis teqnologiebis mimarTulebebi • saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da biousafrTxoeba: saqmianoba biomravalferovnebis konvenciis farglebSi • agentebisa da toqsinebis gadatanis saSualebebi • paTogenebis gamoyeneba sarevelebis kontrolisaTvis da “kriminaluri” naTesebi • biokoreqcia: masalis ganadgureba • bi terorizmis saSiSroebis Semcireba • qik ZalaSi Sesvlis zemoqmedeba

  20. 19. 2006 wlis meeqvse gadasasinji konferencia • pirvelad konferenciis samdivnom Sejamebulad warmoadgina monawile qveynebis mier warmodgenili masalebi da es ar iyo maTi ubralo nakrebi • miuxedavad amisa warmodgenili masalebi s originalebi SeiZleba inaxos internetSi • am warmodgenili dokumentebidan Cans is, rom kvlav arsebobs SeSfoTeba sasicocxlo mecnierebis miRwevebis gamo. magaliTad, niderlandebis mier gamoTqmul iqna, rom • “14…SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom momavlis mikroskopiuli manqanebi, agebuli dnm-isa da cilis nawilakebisagan, Seqmnilia imisaTvis, rom CaverioT biologiur procesebSi fermentis an toqsinis zemoqmedebis imitirebiT. am donis xelovnurobam SeiZleba teqnologiebi gamoacalkevos btik-dan…. Cven rekomendacias rom araswori gamoyeneba… miRwevebi nanoteqnologiebis sferoSi da maTi gamoyeneba faqtobrivad aris muxlis I darRveva.”

  21. 20. meeqvse gadasasinji konferenciis saboloo deklaracia • SeTanxmeba muxlze I • mzolod oTxi abzaci, magram iyo gakvriTi SeniSvna abzacSi 2, rom “konferencia xelaxla adasturebs, rom muxli I exeba yvela miRwevas sasicocxlo mecnierebasa da teqnologiebSir da koncenciisaTvis relevantur uvela mecnierebaSi.” • SeTanxmeba yovelwliur sesiaTaSoris Sexvedrebze, 2008 wlis CaTvliT • “(iii) erovnuli, regionuli da saerTaSoriso zomebi biousafrTxoebisa da biologiuri dacvis gasaumjobeseblad, paTogenebis da toqsinebis laboratoriuli biousafrTxoebisa da biologiuri dacvis CaTvliT. • (iv) kontroli, ganaTleba, informirebulobis amaRleba da qcevis kodeqsis miReba da/an SemuSaveba, biologiuri mecnierebisa da bioteqnologiebis araswori gamoyenebis prevenciis mizniT, da miTi gamoyenebis akrZalvisaTvis im miznebiT, romlebic akrZalulia konvenciis mixedviT.”

  22. sanimuSo kiTxvebi 1. rogor agvareben biologiuri da toqsiuri iaraRis konvenciis ganaxlebis problemas samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis mxriv? rogor TvliT, aris Tu ara arsebuli meqanizmi adeqvaturi? 2. ra gansxvavebaa samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis gavlenis SefasebebSi, romlebic gakeTda pirvel gadasasinj konferenciaze 1980 wels da meeqvse gadasasinj konferenciaze 2006 wels? 3. romelia ZiriTadi konvenciis relevanturi samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebi 1980 wlis Semdeg? detalurad ganixileT erT-erTi maTgadni. 4. Tqvenis azriT, rogor asaxavs gadasasinji konferenciebis saboloo deklaraciebi samecniero da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb wardgenil dokumentebs? moitaneT samecniero TvalsazrisiT adeqvaturi an araadeqvaturi asaxvis magaliTebi.

  23. wyaroebi (slaidi2) Pearson, G. S (1993) Prospects for Chemical and Biological Arms Control: The Web of Deterrence. Washington Quarterly, Spring 16(2), 145-162. Alternatively Pearson, G. S. (1998) The Vital Importance of the Web of Deterrence [Online] Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford [Cited 15 June 2009]. Available from http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/other/webdet.htm Dept. of NBC Defence (1998) Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Protection Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, (Stockholm, Sweden, 10-15 May 1998) Stockholm: National Defence Research Establishment. [Reprinted in BP. No14 (2nd Series)] http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/briefing/BP_14_2ndseries.pdf

  24. (slaidi 3) Mathews, R. J (2004) The Development of the Australia Group Export Control Lists of Biological Pathogens, Toxins and Dual-Use Equipment, The CBW Conventions Bulletin, December 66, 1-4. Available from http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/pdfbulletin.html (slaidi 4) Meselson, M (2000) Averting the Hostile Exploitation of Biotechnology, The CBW Conventions Bulletin, June 48, 16-19. Available from http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/pdfbulletin.html Bradford Project on Strengthening the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), Video Background Briefings [Online] BDRC [Cited 15 June 2009]. Available from http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/other/video/meselson.wvx (slaidi 5) Balali-Mood, M., Steyn, P. S., Synes L. K., and Trapp. R (2008) Impact of Scientific Developments on the Chemical Weapons Convention, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 80(1), pp. 175–200.

  25. (slaidi 6) United Kingdom, ‘Draft Convention for the Prohibition of Biological Methods of Warfare and Accompanying Security Council Resolution’, ENDC/255, 10 July 1969 [reproduced in The Disarmament Negotiations 1969, Cmnd 4399, July 1970, pp 89-92.] [Illustration is available at Part I, Chapter 9 pp. 253-277 in SIPRI (1971) The CB Disarmament Negotiations, 1920-1970 (The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare: CB Weapons Today. Vol. IV.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.] The UK Draft Biological Warfare Convention, August 8, 1970 (CCD/255/Rev.2). [Text is available at pp. 322-325 in SIPRI (1971) The CB Disarmament Negotiations, 1920- 1970 (The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare: CB Weapons Today. Vol. IV.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.] (slaidi 7) United Nations (1980) Views of States Parties on new scientific and technological developments relevant to the Convention, BWC/CONF.I/6 [Online] 29 February [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/

  26. (slaidi 8) United Nations (1980) First Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. Final Declaration, BWC/CONF.I/10 [Online]. 21 March [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/ (slaidi 9) United Nations (1986) Background Paper on New Scientific and Technological Developments relevant to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, BWC/CONF.II/4 [Online] 18 August [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/ (slaidi 0) United Nations (1986) Second Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. Final Declaration, BWC/CONF.II/13/II [Online]. 26 September [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/

  27. (slaidi 11) United Nations (1991) Background Paper on New Scientific and Technological Developments relevant to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, BWC/CONF.III/4 [Online] 26 August [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/ (slaidi 2) United Nations (1991) Third Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. Final Declaration, BWC/CONF.III/23 [Online]. 27 September [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/ (slaidi 13) United Nations (1996) Background Paper on New Scientific and Technological Developments relevant to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, BWC/CONF.IV/3 [Online] 28 October [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/

  28. (slaidi 4) United Nations (1996) Fourth Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. Final Declaration, BWC/CONF. IV/9 [Online]. 6 December [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/ (slaidi 15) United Nations (2001) Background Paper on New Scientific and Technological Developments relevant to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, BWC/CONF.V/4 [Online] 14 September [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/ Bradford Project on Strengthening the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), Video Background Briefings [Online] BDRC [Cited 15 June 2009]. Available from http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/other/video/NickSNov_02.wvx

  29. (slaidi16) United Nations (2001) Background Paper on New Scientific and Technological Developments relevant to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, BWC/CONF.V/4/Add.1 [Online] 26 October [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/

  30. (slaidi19) United Nations (2006) Background Information Document on New Scientific and Technological Developments Relevant to the Convention, BWC/CONF.VI/INF.4, 28 September, Geneva: United Nations. Available from http://www.opbw.org/ OPBW (2006) Review Conferences: Sixth Review Conference 20 November – 8 December, 2006’, Contributions to the Science and Technology Background Document [Online]. Available from http://www.opbw.org/ (slaidi 20) United Nations (2006) Sixth Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. Final Declaration, BWC/CONF.VI/6 [Online]. 8 December [Cited 15 September 2008]. Available from: http://www.opbw.org/

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