Mesopotamia and the fertile crescent

1. Chapter 3 Mesopotamia and the fertile crescent

2. People settled near ________ so crops could grow One region that was ideal for settlement sat between 2 major rivers, the _______ and _____ This area of rich soil was called…. The Fertile Crescent! Section 1: Geography of the Fertile Crescent

3. ________________ is Greek for “between 2 rivers” Mesopotamia lies between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers It has 2 parts: -the North is a ___________ bordered by mountains - the South is a flat _____________ Mesopotamia is part of a larger area called the _________________, which has VERY rich soil What is The Land Between the Rivers?

4. H-G groups first settled in Mesopotamia ________________ years ago The floods of the Tigris and Euphrates brought ______________, a mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks which the land great for farming 1st farming settlements formed in 7000 BC How did the first civilization rise?

5. To be a _________________, a society must have the following: Central government Cities Division of labor Social levels (hierarchy) Trade Advanced farms Use of metal tools Writing system Religious system Calendar What makes a Civilization?

6. Received very little rain and flooding of the rivers could be ________________ Farmers needed to control the rivers’ flow Used _______________, a way of supplying water to an area of land Dug ____________________that brought water to the fields and built up river banks to hold back floods What was Mesopotamian farming like?

7. Irrigation _______________ the amount of food farmers grew and provided water for domesticated animals Produced a food _____________, or more than they needed Fewer people needed to farm because there was so much food How did irrigation affect the civilization?

8. People were more free to do other jobs __________________formed (arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job) Society could accomplish more tasks such as __________________________ Consequently, we need rules and structure to complete tasks We need a ____________________!! How did irrigation affect the civilization?

9. Settlements grew in size and complexity ______________ began to appear between 4000 and 3000 BC Society in Mesopotamia is still mostly based on _____________, but cities became the political, religious, cultural, and economic centers of civilization How did cities form?

10. _______ was the world’s first official civilization Settled in _____________ and created an advanced society Section 2: The Rise of Sumer

11. Most people were farmers who lived in ______, or countryside areas Sumer had ______, or city areas as well that were the centers of their civilizations and had over 100,000 people living there by 2000 BC Rural Urban What were the City-states of Sumer like?

12. Sumerian cities soon became _____________, which consisted of the city and the countryside around it City-states fought each other to get more farmland They had strong armies and walls to protect their land Kish, _______, Ur were examples of very strong city-states What were the city-states of sumer like (cont)

13. Lived north of the Sumerian city-states and were peaceful in the beginning 2300 BC- ______________built a new capital called Akkad and had a permanent army He defeated all the city-states of Sumer and conquered ______________ Mesopotamia He established the world’s 1st_____, land with different territories and people under single rule How did the Akkadian Empire Rise?

14. Sargon ruled for ____ more years After his death, the empire only lasted a century more because it was invaded by outsiders Chaos followed for 100 more years The Sumerian city-state of _____ eventually became the more powerful and rebuilt stability in the region Sumer’s #1 again!  How did the Akkadian Empire fall?

15. Religion played a role in almost all aspects of life The Sumerians practiced _____________, the worship of MANY gods -Examples of gods: Enlil, Enki, Inanna, Utu, Nanna, Shamash (sun god shown below!) Each city-state had a special god as their __________ Believed their gods controlled natural events like weather and illness Success in life depended on how you worshipped the gods How did Religion shape Sumerian Society?

16. _____________, people who performed religious ceremonies, had great power People relied on them to interpret the gods’ wishes Priests made ___________ to gods in temples and performed religious ceremonies How did Religion shape Sumerian Society?

17. What was the Sumerian Social Order? Social Hierarchy: the division of society by rank or class

18. Men held political power and made laws Women took care of the home and children (ladies, get used to hearing this!) _______________ was usually only for men, but some upper-class women received it as well __________ could be priestesses if they were educated -example: the priestess Enheduanna wrote hymns. She is the first known female writer in history! What were Men and Women like in Sumer?

19. The Sumerians developed many different inventions and ideas that have influenced us today. When we discuss achievements, we usually divide it by subjects very similar to what you have in school (literature, science, math, art, etc.) Section 3: Sumerian Achievements

20. They invented the FIRST writing system called ______________ Used styluses to make wedge-like shapes on clay tablets Earlier written communication used ________________, or picture symbols Cuneiform used __________________ to represent syllables of words, and would combine the symbols to form words What were the Sumerian achievements in writing?

21. Cuneiform was first used to keep business records ______________, or writers, would keep track of business and had a high place in society because they were the only ones who knew cuneiform Later used cuneiform to write _______, law, grammar, and math Also wrote stories, proverbs, songs, and epics, which are long poems that tell heroic stories example: _________________________ Sumerian Writing (cont)

22. The wheel The potter’s wheel for sculpting The plow The “falling water” clock Sails on boats Underground sewers Learned to use bronze for stronger tools and weapons Makeup and glass jewelry What were Sumerian achievements in technology?

23. Number system based on 60 360 degree circle 12 month calendar Areas of rectangles and triangles What were Sumerian Advances in Math?

24. Observing the natural world using lists and recordings Medicine advancements such as healing drugs and cataloging treatments for specific problems What were Sumerian Achievements in Science?

25. __________________ is the science of building Large palaces for Sumerian rulers Large and small houses for others Used mud bricks Made ___________________, pyramid-shaped Sumerian temples, were in each city Used outdoor staircases and columns What were Sumerian Achievements in Architecture?

26. Statues of gods Used _________ and rare woods Sumerian pottery is not known for its beauty! Jewelry made of gold, silver, and gems Cylinder seals to imprint designs into clay Musical instruments include reed pipes, _________, tambourines, and lyres Song and dance were popular forms of entertainment What were Sumerian Achievements in Art?

27. FYI: “Peoples” is not a typo! It is an actual word! The city-state of Ur began to lose power by 2000 BC because of invasion. Other invaders began to move into Mesopotamia Section 4: Later Peoples of the Fertile Crescent

28. Located on the ______________ River near present-day Baghdad, Iraq 1800 BC- had a very powerful government 1792 BC- __________ becomes king of Babylon He is Babylon’s greatest __________, ruler of a kingdom or empire How Did Babylon Rise to Power?

29. Brilliant war leader Brought all of Mesopotamia under his rule through the use of his powerful army His empire became known as the ___________________ He was a good ruler because he oversaw building and irrigation projects, improved the tax system, and increased ________________________________ Ruled for 42 years and made Babylon the most important city in Mesopotamia He is best known for his __________________ Who is Hammurabi?

30. It is a set of 282 laws that dealt with daily life Contained laws on __________, loans, theft, marriage, injury, and murder Specific crimes had specific ________________ Social class did matter example: injuring a rich man had a bigger penalty than injuring a poor man (not fair!) Was written down for all to see What is Hammurabi’s Code?

31. “If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.” “If he break another man’s bone, his bone shall be broken.” “If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built fall in and kill its owner, then that builder shall be put to death.” Hammurabi’s law Code examples

32. After Hammurabi’s death, the Babylonian Empire lost power and fell. Other civilizations began to move into the Fertile Crescent and fight over land examples: The Hittites, Kassites, Assyrians, and Chaldeans What were other invasions of Mesopotamia?

33. The ____________ built their kingdom in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) The first to use ________, which made stronger weapons, and they used the ______, a wheeled horse-drawn cart used in battle. Captured Babylon in 1595 BC Kingdom fell when king was assassinated The ______________ overtook Babylon and ruled it for almost 400 years Who were the Hittites and Kassites?

34. 1200s BC- the _______________ from northern Meso. take Babylon, but were soon invaded by others 300 years later, the Assyrians recover strength and begin to conquer all of the Fertile Crescent, parts of Asia Minor, and _________________. Capital city was called ________________ Who were the Assyrians?

35. Used iron _________________ Army was well-organized Were fierce in battle Harsh punishments for law-breakers Ruled their large empire by having local leaders who collected taxes, enforced laws, and raised troops for the army Built _______________ to connect the empire Why were the Assyrians so strong?

36. 652 BC- Assyrian Empire became weak because of _______________within the empire The _______________ attacked the empire and in 612 BC destroyed Nineveh and the Assyrian Empire The Chaldeans set up own empire with a rebuilt _______________ as their capital Who were the Chaldeans?

37. Most famous Chaldean king Rebuilt __________ as the richest city in the world Built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (One of the 7 Ancient Wonders of the World) as a gift to his depressed wife http://joseph_berrigan.tripod.com/ancientbabylon/id14.html http://www.unmuseum.org/hangg.htm Who was __________________? (who?!)

38. Babylon was a major stop on a trade route b/w the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea Babylon was a center of _________, Sumerian culture, and science (astronomy) They tracked stars and weather events, created a calendar, and solved complex _______________problems Trade helped the spread of ideas…how?! Chaldean Empire fell to the _________ in 539 BC What was Babylon Like under the Chaldeans?

39. Located at the western end of the Fertile Crescent near present-day ____________ Was a wealthy trading society Sits on the _____________________ Sea Had few resources, but had cedar, a type of timber and valuable in trade Overland trade routes were blocked by mountains, so they used the __________ for trade transport What was Phoenicia Like?

40. Became expert ______________ Built harbors (ex: Tyre) Built fast ships that traveled to Egypt, Greece, Sicily, and Spain Created ____________ along trade routes (ex: Carthage in N. Africa) Traded cedar, _____________, ivory carvings, slaves, glass-blown objects, purple dye Grew VERY wealthy How did the Phoenicians expand their trade?

41. The alphabet!!! An ______________ is a set of letters than can be combined to form words Made writing much easier Our English alphabet is based on the Phoenician one Other civilizations such as ___________ and Rome also used it and changed it What was the Phoenicians’ most important achievement?