From FBA to BIP

1. From FBA to BIP Jim Artesani, Ed.D. University of Maine

2. Review of FBA WHO • Purpose • Define the behavior of concern (What) • Identify the conditions the predict the occurrence of the behavior (Setting events and antecedents – When and Where). • Identify the reinforcers that maintain the behavior (function - Why)

3. Review • Setting Events (Slow triggers) • Examples???

4. Review • Problem Behavior • Observable and measurable • Passes the stranger test • Examples???

5. Review • Antecedents (Fast triggers) • Examples???

6. Review • Consequences • Environmental response to the behavior • Reinforcing (R + and R-) • Examples??? • Punishing (P+ and P-) • Examples??? • Extinction (No response) • Examples???

7. Creating Function-Based Interventions Adapted from: Chris Borgmeier PhD cborgmei@pdx.edu Sheldon Loman, PhD sheldon.loman@pdx.ed Portland State University

8. Behavior Support Planning FBA BSP The most important purpose of conducting FBA is to inform the development of comprehensive Behavior Support Plans that directly address the FUNCTION of student behavior

9. Steps in Behavior Support Planning Step 1: Develop Competing Behavior Pathway Step 2: Develop Behavior Support Plan Step 3: Implementation Plan Step 4: Evaluation Plan Step 5: Follow-up Meetings to Review Progress

10. Function-Based Interventions Start with FBA results = Summary of Behavior Summary of Behavior should include a detailed and specific description of: Targeted Routine Antecedents triggering behavior Problem Behavior Consequence/Outcome of Problem Behavior Function of Behavior

11. Analyzing the Summary of Behavior • Read over the Summary of Behavior, but pay special attention to the Function identified for the problem behavior • The Function of Behavior will be central to identifying effective interventions to address: • Antecedent • Behaviors to Teach & • Consequences

12. Start w/ Summary of Behavior from FBA Targeted Routine Antecedent Maintaining Consequence & Function Problem Behavior

13. FBA: Summary of Behavior Targeted Routine Maintaining Consequence & Function Antecedent Problem Behavior FUNCTION FUNCTION is where student behavior intersects with the environment Function = Learning Student learns…. When (A), if I (B), then (C)… Function = how I benefit so I keep doing B

14. Competing Behavior Pathway

15. Competing Behavior Pathway Completed from FBA

16. So this is what we want…. Desired Behavior Natural Consequence Targeted Routine Antecedent Maintaining Consequence & Function Problem Behavior Alternate Behavior But… start with the Alternate Behavior? Why can’t we go right to the Desired Behavior?

17. Why the Alternate Behavior? Why can’t we go right to the Desired Behavior? 4. The student is going to need to gain the math skills before being able to do this like peers 3. Look how different this is from what’s happening now 1. This is what we’re asking the student to do. Complete math problem Success, another problem Given double digit addn problems Sent back to table (escape task) None identified Throws a Tantrum 2. This is what the student wants now. Raise hand & ask for break 5. So… in the meantime we use the alternate behavior

18. Desired Behavior • Long-term goal = to follow regular classrooms routines and norms, as independently as possible (w/ supports reduced or eliminated) and looking as similar as possible to peers • Often requires a sustained, focused teaching effort to build missing skills • Academic deficits (often related to Avoiding difficult tasks) • Example: student avoids reading because 3 grade levels behind in reading… requires intensive reading instruction to close gap • Social Skills deficits (often related to seeking attention) • Example: student seeks negative attention due to isolation from peers and adults resulting from aggressive behavior and limited social skills… requires sustained, targeted social skill instruction generalized to natural context • Communication deficit • Example: student screams and rocks vigorously back and forth due to limited communication skills which might result in getting a snack… requires teaching communication skills (PECS, sign language, etc.) • Organizational/school skills deficits • Example: student doesn’t complete homework due to limited scheduling and organization strategies which might result in (a) task avoidance due to limited background knowledge or (b) avoiding negative interactions with teacher because homework is frequently not done… requires teaching school skills

19. Function Based Interventions When generating interventions we use Function to develop ideas to change A, B & C Targeted Routine Maintaining Consequence & Function Antecedent Problem Behavior FUNCTION Function should guide selection of alternative/ replacement behaviors

20. Understanding Alternate/ Replacement Behaviors Alternate Behaviors are: an immediate attempt to reduce disruption & potentially dangerous behavior in the classroom Take some of the pressure off the teacher designed to actively begin breaking the student’s habit of using problem behavior to meet their needs, by replacing it with a more acceptable alternate behavior

21. Essential Characteristics of a Replacement / Alternate Behavior An appropriate Replacement Behavior: Serves the same function as the problem behavior Is easier to do and more efficient than the problem behavior Alternate Behaviors require less physical effort & provide quicker, more reliable access to desired outcome/response than problem behavior Is socially acceptable

22. Which of the Following are Appropriate Replacement Behaviors? Leslie is 12, has autism, has extensive vocab, but tantrums. Tantrums are maintained by task escape during work. Which is the best Replacement Behavior hide under her desk and be ignored yell and whine take completed work up to show the teacher move to sit by another student Raise hand to request teacher help Start w/ the Function 1. Serve same Function? Does it provide task escape? 2. Is Behavior easier to do than problem behavior? 3. Is Behavior socially acceptable?

23. Which of the Following are Appropriate Replacement Behaviors? Leslie is 12, has autism, has extensive vocab, but tantrums when she does not get his own way. Tantrums result in capitulation (gets whats he wants) from others. Which is the best Replacement Behavior hide under her desk and be ignored wait patiently until the teacher responds to him take completed work up to show the teacher ask for help ffrom another student Take a deep breadth and then request teacher help Start w/ the Function 1. Serve same Function? Does it provide task escape? 2. Is Behavior easier to do than problem behavior? 3. Is Behavior socially acceptable?

24. Which of the Following are Antecedent Supports? Jason is nine and makes noises when asked to do difficult tasks. The noises are maintained by avoiding or escaping difficult tasks and getting attention. Possible Replacement Behaviors: More rewards for doing tasks Asking for an easier task/ worksheet Asking to play w/ his Gameboy Requesting adult attention Provide hurdle help Start w/ the Function 2. Is Behavior easier to do than problem behavior? 1. Serve same Function? Does it provide adult attn? 3. Is Behavior socially acceptable?

25. Competing Behavior Pathway: Alternative Behavior Example: Jason (from previous example) Antecedent Problem Behavior Consequence Asked to do difficult tasks Avoid/Escape Difficult Task Noises Asking for an easier task/ worksheet NOTE: This antecedent is not specific enough

26. Identifying the Alternate Behavior Yes or No? Why? What are the critical features of an Alternate Behavior? 1. Serve same Function? Does it provide adult attn? 2. Is Behavior easier to do than problem behavior? 3. Is Behavior socially acceptable?

27. Competing Behavior Pathway

28. Activity • With a partner go through each of the Competing Behavior Pathway options in Pre-Test #2  Yes or No & Why

29. Developing Function-Based Interventions

30. Behavior Support Planning Identify a range of interventions that address prevention (A), teaching (B) & consequences (C) You may not use them all, but it is good to identify multiple interventions options across A, B & C

31. Teaching BehaviorInterventions

32. Teaching Behavior Teaching Identify skill(s) to teach Dual focus when teaching behavior Alternate Behavior Desired Behavior ALWAYS START with the Alternative Behavior -FIRST - Teach the alternate behavior you identified in Competing Behavior Pathway -Teaching = Review & practice regularly -THEN – teach the Desired Behavior -this may be something to focus on immediately, or only after the student is fluent with the alternative behavior

33. Teaching Behavior Don’t assume student already has Alternate Behavior in their skill set • Develop an observable definition of behavior • Identify examples & non-examples • Model/ Lead/ Test • Schedule Review & Practice of Skill/ Behavior Regularly

34. Teaching Behavior What are the critical features of Teaching Interventions? 1. First teach the Alternate Behavior Yes or No? Why? • Does Alt. Beh.: • Serve same Function? • Is it Easier? • Socially acceptable?

35. Example: Teaching Behavior A B C Teach Dexter to raise his hand & ask for a break, instead of engaging in negative behavior. *By teaching Dexter an easier alternate behavior to get what he wants, we’re making the problem behavior Inefficient. Dexter will need frequent practice, precorrections, and prompts to help him get in the habit of using the alternate behavior

36. Activity With a partner go through each of the Teaching Behavior options in Pre-Test #2  Yes or No & Why

37. Teaching Interventions: Desired Behavior • Achieving the Desired Behavior most often requires a sustained, focused teaching effort to build missing skills • Academic deficits (often related to Avoiding difficult tasks) • Example: student avoids reading because 3 grade levels behind in reading… requires intensive reading instruction to close gap • Social Skills deficits (often related to seeking attention) • Example: student seeks negative attention due to isolation from peers and adults resulting from aggressive behavior and limited social skills… requires sustained, targeted social skill instruction generalized to natural context • Communication deficit • Example: student screams and rocks vigorously back and forth due to limited communication skills which might result in getting a snack… requires teaching communication skills (PECS, sign language, etc.) • Organizational/school skills deficits • Example: student doesn’t complete homework due to limited scheduling and organization strategies which might result in (a) task avoidance due to limited background knowledge or (b) avoiding negative interactions with teacher because homework is frequently not done… requires teaching school skills

38. What do we need to teach student to achieve the desired behavior? 2. Next, teach content required to support student to achieve the Desired Behavior

39. Example: Teaching Behavior A B C We also may want to provide additional instruction in multi-digit multiplication & division to help Dexter gain confidence in completing math problems independently *By providing Dexter additional instruction in multi-digit multiplication & division, we can eventually make the problem behavior unnecessary.

40. Antecedent Interventions Prevent &Prompt

41. Function Based Interventions When generating interventions we use Function to develop ideas to change A, B & C Targeted Routine Maintaining Consequence & Function Antecedent Problem Behavior FUNCTION Function should guide selection of prevention strategies Function should guide selection of alternative/ replacement behaviors

42. Antecedent Interventions Preventing Problem Behavior Prevention- Change the trigger that sets off the problem behavior Examine the Antecedent & Function of the Problem Behavior Change the antecedent so student will no longer need to use problem behavior (make the problem behavior Irrelevant) The best choices for Antecedent changes: Directly address the identified antecedent must address the function the problem behavior is serving

43. Antecedent Interventions Directly address the identified antecedent • Antecedent = Asked to read aloud in class • Potential options that more directly address the antecedent • Do not ask student to read aloud in class • Give student passage in advance to practice pre-reading • Let student read 1 sentence directions they are familiar with, instead of entire paragraphs from the text • Non-examples (do not directly address antecedent) • Move student closer to the teacher • Attend a counseling group about anger management • Check-in with teacher before reading group • Now, why is Function important?

44. Antecedent interventions must the problem behavior serves address the function • Antecedent = Asked to read aloud in class + • Function = Avoid any public presentation (not about reading difficulty; more related to social anxiety) • Does the Intervention address the Function of Behavior • Do not ask student to read aloud in class (or respond publicly) • Give student passage in advance to practice pre-reading • Let student read 1 sentence directions they are familiar with, instead of entire paragraphs from the text Does the intervention address the function of behavior?

45. Antecedent Interventions Critical features of Antecedent Interventions to prevent the Problem Behavior? • Does the intervention directly address: • the antecedent? • the Function of the problem behavior? Yes or No? Why?

46. Antecedent Interventions A B  C Instead of giving Dexter the class math assignment of multi-digit multiplication & division problems, let’s give him an assignment he can be more successful with (e.g. 4 single digit mult/div problems for every 1 multi-digit problem) *By changing A, we can PREVENT Dexter’s need to engage in negative behavior, making it Irrelevant

47. Activity 9 With a partner go through each of the Antecedent Interventions options in Pre-Test #2  Yes or No & Why

48. 2. Next, identify ways to prompt/ precorrect the alternate & desired behavior

49. Consequence Interventions

50. Function Based Interventions When generating interventions we use Function to develop ideas to change A, B & C Targeted Routine Maintaining Consequence & Function Antecedent Problem Behavior FUNCTION Function should guide selection of consequences: (+) and (-) Function should guide selection of prevention strategies Function should guide selection of alternative/ replacement behaviors