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Packet 6

Packet 6. Cellular Energy. ATP: cellular energy. Why do cells need energy?. Cells carry out three kinds of energy-requiring work: Chemical Mechanical Transport. Making ATP: Aerobic cellular respiration. glucose      pyruvate. 6C. 3C. 2 x. Glycolysis (Stage 1).

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Packet 6

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  1. Packet 6 Cellular Energy

  2. ATP: cellular energy

  3. Why do cells need energy? • Cells carry out three kinds of energy-requiring work: • Chemical • Mechanical • Transport

  4. Making ATP: Aerobic cellular respiration

  5. glucose      pyruvate 6C 3C 2x Glycolysis (Stage 1) • Breaking down glucose • “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar) • Occurs in the cytoplasm • A little ATP energy is harvested, • but it’s inefficient • generate only2 ATP for every 1 glucose

  6. Overview 10 reactions • convert glucose (6C)to 2 pyruvate (3C) • produces:4 ATP & 2 NADH • consumes:2 ATP • net yield:2 ATP & 2 NADH Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation

  7. Products of glycolysis move on to stage 2 or 3

  8. outer membrane intermembrane space inner membrane cristae matrix mitochondrialDNA Mitochondria — Structure • Double membrane • smooth outer membrane • highly folded inner membrane • intermembrane space • Matrix • DNA, ribosomes • enzymes

  9. Stage 2: Pyruvate grooming and the Kreb’s Cycle This happens twice for each glucose molecule that started glycolysis…why?

  10. Cellular respiration

  11. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis: ATP payoff! • Electron Transport Chain • series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane

  12. Remember the Electron Carriers? Krebs cycle Glycolysis 8 NADH 2 FADH2 2 NADH Time tobreak openthe piggybank!

  13. What powers the proton (H+) pumps?… Electron Transport Chain Electronegativity!

  14. Chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation

  15. ~38 ATP Cellular respiration + + 2 ATP 2 ATP 34 ATP

  16. C6H12O6 + 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~34-38 ATP 6O2 Summary of cellular respiration • Where did the glucose come from? • Where did the O2 come from? • Where did the CO2 come from? • Where did the CO2 go? • Where did the H2O come from? • Where did the ATP come from? • What is recycled for use again? • Why do we breathe?

  17. Taking it beyond… • What is the final electron acceptor in Electron Transport Chain? O2 • So what happens if O2 unavailable? • ETC backs up • nothing to pull electrons down chain • NADH & FADH2 can’t unload H • ATP production ceases • cells run out of energy

  18. Anaerobic respiration Making ATP without oxygen

  19. All cells carry out glycolysis: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. • Eukaryotes and many prokaryotes also carry out oxidative phosphorylation (remember this requires oxygen). How can some bacteria carry out aerobic respiration if they don't have mitochondria? FUN FACT: many bacteria have ETC’s in their cell membranes.

  20. Reminders! A net of 2 ATP is generated in glycolysis. NAD+ must be present available for this process. New considerations For aerobic organisms this is not a problem, NAD+ is regenerated by the ETC. Not all organisms can use oxygen, they are anaerobic Anaerobic organisms use glycolysis only to make ATP They regenerate , NAD+through fermentation processes

  21. Alcohol fermentation

  22. Lactic acid fermentation

  23. Review: Answer all of the following questions in your notebook. • What are the products of pyruvate grooming for 1 molecule of glucose? • What are the products of the citric acid cycle for 1 molecule of glucose? • After glycolysis, pyruvate grooming, and the citric acid cycle, what are your net products? • What is phosphorylation? • What is substrate-level phosphorylation? • What is the main goal for stages 1-3?

  24. Review: Answer all of the following questions in your notebook • What is the summary equation for cellular respiration? • If oxidation is a loss of electrons (in the form of hydrogen atoms) and reduction is the gain of electrons (in the form of hydrogen atoms), • what is oxidized during cellular respiration? • what is reduced during cellular respiration? • How does glucose get to your cells for cellular respiration? • What is the point of cellular respiration? • What are the net molecular products of glycolysis?

  25. Where does glucose come from for cellular respiration? Photosynthesis!

  26. Photosynthesis

  27. Leaf structure Mesophyll cells Vascular tissue Stomate Guard cells

  28. Chloroplast structure Double membrane Grana Thylakoid Stroma

  29. Stage 1: Light-dependent reactions Light energy is converted to chemical energy (as NADPH and ATP). Glucose is made from CO2 and hydrogens carried by NADPH using ATP energy. Stage 2: Calvin cycle

  30. Calvin cycle

  31. SUMMARY What factors might affect the rate of photosynthetic reactions?

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