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Cucurbit Downy Mildew – Final Report. Student Author - Anonymous. Project overview. Images courtesy of http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Cucurbits_-_Downy_Mildew.htm. Image courtesy of http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/DownyMildew.aspx . policy.
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Cucurbit Downy Mildew – Final Report Student Author - Anonymous
Project overview Images courtesy of http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Cucurbits_-_Downy_Mildew.htm Image courtesy of http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/DownyMildew.aspx
policy • Resistant Cultivars • Fungicides • Growing Methods http://www.hort.cornell.edu/hightunnel/crops/vegetables/cucurbits.htm http://ag.arizona.edu/aes/yac/research.html
data • Disease Count in NC • El Nino Southern Oscillation • Pacific – North American Pattern • North Atlantic Oscillation • Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation • Atlantic Meridional Mode • Atlantic SST Dipole Mode
Indices 1 PNA, R = 0.11 NAO, R = -0.19 AMO, R = 0.19
Indices 2 AMM, R = -0.12 DM, R = 0.02 ENSO, R = 0.08
eofs http://climlab.meas.ncsu.edu/EPA-Project1/Wind_Composite/index_prec.html
composites http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/cgi-bin/data/composites/printpage.pl
Composites http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/cgi-bin/data/composites/printpage.pl
Models and projections • ENSO • Modelling • Steady progress • Still systematic errors • Projections • No change expected in frequency • Range of possibilities in strength
Models and projections • PNA and NAO • PNA SST dependent • NAO not fully understood • Good skill Short time scale, winter • Skill drops as time increase • NAO possible positive increase
Models and projections • AMO, AMM and DM • Influenced by Atlantic SST • Little information • Recent Oceanic improvements • Still many issues • Thermohaline
implications • Current ENSO forecasts • Seasonal indication • Future ENSO forecasts • Awareness of changes in strength • Future PNA and NAO forecasts • Prediction possibilities • NAO increase • Increase in positive phases • Future AMM, AMO and DM • More study needed
recommendations • Resistant cultivars - whenever possible • Growing methods • good years • spacing can be closer together, • less suitable ground can be planted, • overhead irrigation can be used. • bad years • larger spaces between plants, • less suitable ground should not be used • overhead irrigation should be used sparingly.
recommendations • Chemical Control • Good years • cheaper contact fungicides • Less frequently sprayed • Bad years • Systemic fungicides • More frequently sprayed
Conclusions • ENSO, PNA, NAO and DM all influence • Recommendations given • More useful when predictions improve • More data needed • Other influences and indices to be considered
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Cucurbits – Downy Mildew, NC State University- Department of Plant Pathology, http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Cucurbits_-_Downy_Mildew.htm accessed on 18/03/2013 • Crop Science, (2001), Downy Mildew of Cucurbits, University of Illinois Extension – report on Plant Disease, http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdf_pubs/927.PDF • Dominguez, F., Cañon, J., & Valdes, J. (2010). IPCC-AR4 climate simulations for the Southwestern US: the importance of future ENSO projections. Climatic Change, 99(3-4), 499-514. • Egel, D., (2008), Downy Mildew of Pumpkin, Purdue Extension – Vegetable Diseases, http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/BP/BP-140-W.pdf • Ivors, K.L. & Mila, A.L., (2007), Tobacco – Blue Mold, NC State University- Department of Plant Pathology, http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Tobacco_-_Blue_Mold.htm accessed on 17/03/2013 • IPCC (2007) – the following three chapters were used. • Chapter 6: Jansen, E., J. Overpeck, K.R. Briffa, J.-C. 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