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Biological Aspects of Psychology Neuroanatomy – Part I

Biological Aspects of Psychology Neuroanatomy – Part I. Chapter 3 Psychology 7 th Edition. Figure 3.1: Three Functions of the Nervous System.

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Biological Aspects of Psychology Neuroanatomy – Part I

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  1. Biological Aspects of Psychology Neuroanatomy – Part I Chapter 3 Psychology 7th Edition

  2. Figure 3.1: Three Functions of the Nervous System The nervous system’s three main functions are to receiver information (input), integrate that information with past experiences (processing), and guide actions (output).

  3. Neuroanatomy • The study of the parts and function of neurons

  4. Neurons • Fundamental unit of the nervous system – nerve cell • Dendrite • The branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body • Axon • the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands

  5. Figure 3.2: The Neuron

  6. Neural Communication • A neurons cell membrane is a semipermeable barrier – molecules that pass through carry either a positive or negative charge • Polarized cell membrane – when the cell pumps positively charged molecules out through its membrane, making the inside more negative than the outside • Some positively charged molecules are able to pass through openings called channels, located along axons and dendrites as act as “gates”

  7. Action Potential • A wave of electrochemical changes traveling down an axon when a neuron becomes depolarized • Changes in the environment around the cell can depolarize part of its membrane, causing the gates to open and allowing positively charged molecules to rush in • The sequence continues, creating a wave of changes in electrochemical potential that spreads down the axon • Threshold – • the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

  8. Figure 3.3: The Beginning of an Action Potential

  9. Cell body end of axon Direction of neural impulse: toward axon terminals Neural Communication

  10. Myelin • A fatty substance that wraps around some axons and increases the speed of action potentials

  11. Neural Communication • Synapse [SIN-aps] • junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron • Neurotransmitters • chemical messengers that assists in the transfer of signals from one neuron to another • when released by the sending neuron, neuro-transmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse • Receptors – site on the surface of a cell that allows only one type of neurotransmitter to fit into it

  12. Neural Firing “Tip” • Neural firing is an electrochemical process. Electricity travels within the cell (from the dendrites to the terminal buttons), and chemicals (neurotransmitters) travel between cells in the synapse. Electricity does not jump between the neurons.

  13. Figure 3.5: Communication Between Neurons

  14. Figure 3.6: The Relationship Between Neurotransmitters and Receptors Click here for animation

  15. Postsynaptic Potential • The change that takes place in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell (a neuron that has received stimulation from another neuron) • Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential – the polarization of the neuron’s membrane, making the cell more likely to fire an action potential • Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential – the hyperpolarization of the neuron’s membrane, making a cell less likely to fire an action potential

  16. Figure 3.7 Postsynaptic Potential

  17. Neuronal Transmission: A Review

  18. Axon • Function: Carries signals away from the cell body. • Type of Signal Carried: The action potential, an all-or-nothing electrochemical signal that shoots down the axon to vesicles at the tip of the axon, releasing neurotransmitters.

  19. Dendrite • Function: Detects and carries signals to the cell body. • Type of Signal Carried: The postsynaptic potential, which is an electrochemical signal moving toward the cell body.

  20. Synapse • Function: Provides an area for the transfer of signals between neurons, usually between the axon of one cell and the dendrite of another. • Type of Signal Carried: Chemicals that cross the synapse and reach receptors on another cell.

  21. Neurotransmitter • Function: A chemical released by one cell that binds to the receptors on another cell. • Type of Signal Carried: A chemical message telling the next cell to fire or not to fire its own action potential.

  22. Receptor • Function: Proteins on the cell membrane that receive chemical signals. • Type of Signal Carried: Recognizes certain neurotransmitters, thus allowing it to begin a postsynaptic potential in the dendrite.

  23. Citations • http://college.cengage.com/psychology/bernstein/psychology/7e/instructors/index.html • http://www.lbusd.k12.ca.us/millikan/Teacher_folder/HawkinsS/AdPlPsychology2.htm

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