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Chapter 32

Chapter 32. Introduction to Animal Evolution. Definition. Unique characteristics: Heterotrophic eukaryotes; ingestion Lack cell walls; collagen Nervous & muscular tissue Sexual; diploid; cleavage; blastula; gastrulation; larvae; metamorphosis Regulatory genes: Hox genes.

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Chapter 32

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  1. Chapter 32 • Introduction to Animal Evolution

  2. Definition • Unique characteristics: • Heterotrophic eukaryotes; ingestion • Lack cell walls; collagen • Nervous & muscular tissue • Sexual; diploid; cleavage; blastula; gastrulation; larvae; metamorphosis • Regulatory genes: Hox genes

  3. Animal phylogeny & diversity, I • Monophyletic; colonial flagellated protist ancestor • 1- Parazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomy: sponges (Parazoa)~ no true tissues; all other animals (Eumetazoa)~ true tissues • 2- Radiata-Bilateria dichotomy: Cnidaria (hydra; ‘jellyfish’; sea anemones) & Ctenophora (comb jellies)~ radial body symmetry; all other animals~ bilateral body symmetry (also: cephalization)

  4. Animal phylogeny & diversity, II • 3- Gastrulation: germ layer development; ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (inner); radiata are diploblastic-2 layers; no mesoderm; bilateria are triploblastic-all 3 layers • 4- Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, and Coelomate Grades: triploblastic animals~ solid body, no body cavity called acoelomates (Platyhelminthes-flatworms); body cavity, but not lined with mesoderm called pseudocoelomates (Rotifers); true coelom (body cavity) lined with mesoderm called coelomate

  5. Animal phylogeny & diversity, III • 5- Protostome-Deuterostome dichotomy among coelomates: protostomes (mollusks, annelids, arthropods); deuterostomes (echinoderms, chordates) • a) cleavage: protostomes~ spiral and determinate; deuterotomes~ radial and indeterminate • b) coelom formation: protostomes~ schizocoelous; deuterostomes~ enterocoelous • c) blastopore fate: protostomes~ mouth from blastopore; deuterostomes~ anus from blastopore

  6. Phylum - ANNELIDA • earthworm • http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/earthworm.html • http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-6b/Index-Lab-6b.htm

  7. Phylum: Arthropoda • Crayfish • http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/crayfish.html • Grasshopper • http://wwwbio200.nsm.buffalo.edu/labs/tutor/Grasshopper/

  8. Phylum - ASCHELMINTHES • Mollusca • http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Labs/Lab06/Lab06.htm

  9. Phylum: Porifera • http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Animal%20Diversity/Lower%20Invertebrates/sponges.htm#Cnidarians%20(Phylum%20Cnidaria) • http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-3b/Index-Lab-3b.htm

  10. Cnidaria • Jellyfish • http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20080815/MULTIMEDIA03/80814042

  11. Phylum: Chordata • Perch • http://www.bio200.buffalo.edu/labs/tutor/Perch/Perch.html

  12. Phylum: Mollusca • Clam • http://wwwbio200.nsm.buffalo.edu/labs/tutor/Clam/ • Squid • http://wwwbio200.nsm.buffalo.edu/labs/tutor/Squid/

  13. Echinoderm • Starfish • http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-8b/Index-Lab-8b.htm

  14. Platyhelminthes • Nematode • http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-4b/Index-Lab-4b.htm

  15. Phylum Brachlopoda • Lamp shells • http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Labs/Lab11/Lab11.htm

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