Seasons, capacity and funding

1. Seasons, capacity and funding Vietnam, 2000 This session will look at the impacts on responseofclimatic seasons, available human capacity and funding cycles

2. Session objectives ! • The key learning objectives of this session are to form an • understanding of: • seasons: the ways in which seasonal variations affect planning and implementation • capacity: how capacity for construction varies between stakeholders over time • funding: the ways in which funding varies over time and between different funding bodies

3. Session objectives ! • The key learning objectives of this session are to form an • understanding of: • seasons: the ways in which seasonal variations affect planning and implementation • capacity: how capacity for construction varies between stakeholders over time • funding: the ways in which funding varies over time and between different funding bodies

4. Aim: seasons To ensure that the impact of seasons upon the affected populations as well as shelter and construction activities are foreseen and taken into account

5. Seasons: factors to consider Affected populations and operations are particularly vulnerable toseasonal weather extremes Seasonal factorsto consider include: • cyclones - can prevent building work and • damage transitional settlements • cold winters - populations may need additional NFIs to improve thermal comfort and snow can prevent access to remote areas • hot summers - may limit access to water for construction • rainy seasons and monsoons - can slow on-site construction works and flooding may prevent access to remote locations

6. Seasons: scheduling of construction year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 Each region has its own construction seasons, for example between monsoons or winters good construction seasons need disaster time Shelter NFIs for transitional settlement Shelter NFIs for reconstruction Indonesia, 2005

7. Seasons: impact onaffected populations • Seasons impacton affected populations in a number of ways including the following: • the types of hazards people face – eg, floods and storms • the performance required of buildings and settlements • accessibility of sites, including the transport of materials • the type of materials available – eg, straw for thatch • construction techniques that can be undertaken – eg, mud bricks cannot be made in the rainy season as they will not dry • the availability of local labour – eg, in farming communities the harvest will take priority over building projects

8. Session objectives ! • The key learning objectives of this session are to form an • understanding of: • seasons: the ways in which seasonal variations affect planning and implementation • capacity: how capacity for construction varies between stakeholders over time • funding: the ways in which funding varies over time and between different funding bodies

9. Aim: capacity To ensure that sufficient and appropriate capacity is available to undertake the transitional settlement and reconstruction needed for each phase of response

10. Capacity: affected population The affected population’s capacityfor constructionis initiallysmall as they are occupied with survival. They later have a large capacity which will slowly decrease as livelihoods are resumed Capacity of the affected population need capacity interrupted by harvests Shelter NFIs fortransitional settlement Shelter NFI’s for reconstruction disaster time capacity matches demand survival, search and rescue reduce capacity from construction

11. Capacity: construction industry The capacity of the local construction industryinitiallydecreases and then increases as services, utilities and material supplies are re-established Capacity of available construction industry need Capacity will increase to meet demand Shelter NFI’s fortransitional settlement Shelter NFI’s for reconstruction time disaster • capacity decrease caused by: • disruption to access and utilities • disruption to material supply • disruption toworkforce capacity matches demand

12. Capacity: government Government capacity for planning and regulating construction will increase with the establishment of a task force and will then decrease over time in line with need Government capacity for planning and regulating construction need Shelter NFI’s fortransitional settlement Shelter NFI’s for reconstruction disaster time creation of task force handover to line ministries

13. Capacity: international community Humanitarian community capacity will have an initial peak for Search And Rescue (SAR) This is followed by emergency response and then the larger, longer term, main agency capacity Main international community response need assessment and emergency response Shelter NFI’s fortransitional settlement Shelter NFI’s for transitional reconstruction disaster time Search And Rescue(SAR)

14. Capacity: Owner and contactor driven ‘Owner driven’ reconstruction is where the eventual owners and occupiers of buildings: - remain in control of the type and implementation of works undertaken - are supported in managing external inputs of labour and materials as resources ‘Owner driven’ is not the same as ‘self-help’ or community labour

15. Capacity: Owner and contactor driven ‘Contractor driven’ reconstruction is perceived as negative when contracts awarded do not involve and represent beneficiaries The following points may be useful in clarifying for non-specialists that owner driven reconstruction may involve contractors: • the affected population may have insufficient capacity or skill • vulnerable individuals and groups may require assistance • contractors may be able to better implement hazard mitigation measures, such as seismic resistant construction • most vernacular building involves paid labour for some activities • a sustainable change is required in the construction industry in order that populations may better manage risk

16. Session objectives • 176 ! • The key learning objectives of this session are to form an • understanding of: • seasons: the ways in which seasonal variations affect planning and implementation • capacity: how capacity for construction varies between stakeholders over time • funding: the ways in which funding varies over time and between different funding bodies

17. Aim: funding • To take into account the effect of funding cycles on constructional requirements and allowing effective project management. • To ensure equitable support is provided to all effected groups regardless of: • vulnerability or prejudice • geographic origin • if they are displaced or non-displaced • if they are land owners, tenants or without land rights

18. Funding: cycles Post-disaster funding comes from a number of different sources, each with their own cycles and response patterns International Financial Institutions (IFIs) emergency contingency funds amount Government funds bilateral donations to agencies Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) public appeals time disaster

19. Funding: cycles year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 seasons capacity funding It is very rare for construction seasons to coincide with operational requirements and funding cycles Mapping each cycle enables forward planning and critical path analysis

20. Discussion Key point • Each group will have 10 minutes: • Group 1: seasons and construction • Group 2: governmentcapacity • Group 3: construction capacity • Group 4: humanitarian capacity • Group 5: funding capacity • Each group will consider: • Which general points were not discussed? • What mitigation measures exist? seasons, capacities A. general points B. mitigation measures Discussion in groups Each group agrees a key point