Civil War Timeline

1. Civil War Timeline By: Brooke Holling

2. 1850’s South became isolated from the industrialized North Those in favour of slavery claimed that they needed the supply of labour and because the slaves material needs were met it was a “positive good”

3. 1850’s Continued A Slave’s Life • Some were hired out to employers in town • Majority worked on plantation doing hard labour • It was against the law to teach slaves how to read • Marriage between slaves was not recognized and families could be torn apart when sold

4. The Compromise of 1850 • Written by Henry Clay -Senator of Kentucky • Was comprised of measures aimed at meeting the demands of the north and south • South- gained Fugitive Slave Law –aimed at suppressing the Underground Railroad • Slaveholders were able to hunt down their slaves • Anyone suspected to be a runway was not given the right to testify • Many states passed Personal Liberty law banning officials from assisting in the capture of runaways

5. 1852 • Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe was published • 300 000 copies were sod • Inspired antislavery thoughts in the North

6. 1854 • Controversy arose regarding the two new territories which would be created –Nebraska and Kansas • Because of their location they were exempt from the Missouri Compromise →therefore whether or not they would have slavery was to be decided by popular vote • Truce regarding slavery came to an end • Senator Stephan A. Pouglas (Illinois) wanted to build transcontinental railroad that would have stations at St. Louis and Chicago →to encourage settlement in Missouri region →called Kansas –Nebraska Act

7. Kansas -Violence peaked between the antislavery and proslavery settlers 1856

8. 1856 Event: Election The Whig party had broken up and been replaced by the Americans and the Republicans. The Democrats was the third party The Americans -know nothings and ex Whigs -focused on anti immigration feelings to avoid the issue of slavery -Presidential Candidate Filmore Democrats -avoid slavery issue -presidential candidate was James Buchanan -won election Republicans - “free soil” was their platform -keep slavery out of the new territories -General John C. Fremont was their candidate

9. March 6, 1857 • Supreme Court fines Missouri compromise to be unconstitutional →making the slavery dispute hotter • the ruling made the “free soil” principle of the Republicans unconstitutional as well →this decision came after a ruling (by Roger Taney) that an enslaved man who once lived in an anti slavery territory had no right to sue in a federal court

10. 1858 • Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln run for Illinois Senator • Douglas supported popular sovereignty, prominent Congress democrat Lincoln served a single term in the House of Representatives, defended Compromise of 1850 • Their debates proved Republicans to be abolitionists –especially Lincoln

11. October 16, 1859 John Brown and 21 followers apprehended the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia Aiming to free enslaved men and women Brown was hung on December 2nd when he was found guilty for treason

12. Election of 1860 -Democrats were divided on the issue of slavery Northern wing nominated Douglas for the presidency Southern Wing nominated John Breckinridge (Kentucky) → supported Dred Scott decision -Constitutional Union nominated John Bell (Tennessee) → tried to avoid the issue of slavery -Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln → developed a platform to draw in votes from many areas, they would leave slavery alone where it already was but exclude it from the new territories → they also planned for protective fees to be placed on homesteads of settlers and to use funds to improve things like the railroad →although Lincoln never gave a speech he managed to win the election with more votes then his other three opponents

13. 1861 –Following the Election The South The Governments Position • Many in the south felt they needed to leave the union • They felt that slavery would now be abolished by the union • 7States in the deep south voted to leave the union (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas) • When the free states broke the Fugitive Slave Law they took the equal rights from the south • The states leaving the union created an alliance called the Confederate States of America • Leaders attempted to compromise • Senator John J. Crittenden proposed the 36⁰30’ line be reinstated, but Lincoln refused • By February only 8 slave states remained, and even though the north did not agree the others had the right to leave they did no want to fight them to rejoin • Lincoln felt that no state can leave the union on its own, and that secession was against the democratic principle that the majority will prevail • He felt that there was no need to fight and that the north and south should be friends not enemies

14. April 1861 • Supply Ship to fort Sumter was turned back, causing supply shortage • Lincoln wanted to resupply the fort and told those in South Carolina about the decision • Jefferson Davis (president of Confederacy) hesitantly allowed the fort to be resupplied April 12, 1861 • South Carolina Militia fires on Fort Sumter • 34 hours of bombardment on the fort prior to its surrender

15. 1861- To Suppress the Rebellion • Lincoln calls for 75 000 volunteers for 90 days • Davis calls for 100 000 volunteers • Lincoln still considered Delaware to be safe

16. As the Union Split... Left the Union Impact • Virginia • Arkansas • North Carolina • Tennessee • When Virginia succeeded Washington was put in danger because of its location • If Maryland, where many slave-owners lived, followed the capital would be in danger • Missouri was important because of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers it controlled • Martial law suspended the Bill of Rights and those against the Union were arrested with out trial →took place in Baltimore →later in Kentucky

17. The Civil War 1861 Fought from southern Pennsylvania to new Mexico Southern army was strong because of the training received in the south Many of the top officers in the USA were now a part of the Confederate army Robert E. Lee joined the Confederacy after his state Virginia succeeded

18. Strategy The Union (North) Confederates (South) • Strategy –Blockade (closed confederates ports and ruined their economy) • They planned to travel down the Mississippi and capture Richmond (Confederate capital) • Had 80% of Americas manufacturing • Fight on their own ground (home ground advantage) • Plan was to hold down against attacks • They drafted men from 17-50 • Women supplied clothing and medical support • They were fighting to preserve the cotton industry and culture • Relied on Europe for goods • Did not have enough equipment to fight

19. April 1861 • 6 days after the fall of Fort Sumter a blockade on southern ports was set up by Lincoln • 42 wooden ships patrolled the Confederate coastline (3 500 miles long) -9 000 sailors making it selective where the blockades were set up • Navy grew to 626 ships with 59 000 sailors • Only goods going in and out of the blockades were the ones carried by blockade runners • Blockade runners were in smaller faster boats-unable to carry large amounts of cargo - making trade in the south a fraction of what it once was

20. Were sympathetic to the confederacy • Cotton mills provided Brittan with the textiles they • Brittan was able to receive cotton from their colonies in India and Egypt • Brittan and France did not want to get involved in the Americans war Europe's Roll

21. July 21, 1861 • 90 day volunteers time was coming to a close • Union army invaded Virginia to capture the capital, Richmond • Northern troops met a smaller group of southern troops by a stream known as Bull Run • Many in the area came with picnic baskets to watch, what they thought was going to be a quick victory • The confederate forces were more organized and used the railroad and telegraph to call for reinforcements • The union retreated • Confederate forces were lead by General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • Union forces were lead by General Irvin McDowell who was later replaced with George McClellan • McClellan retained and organized the forces

22. 1862 Confederates turned around -McClellan at the Seven Days battle -General John Pope at the Second Battle of Bulls Run (August) -General Ambrose Burnside at Federicksburg • 1863 -May, at Chancellorsvillem Virginia Lee killed General Joe Hooke (17 000 men) about half his army Lincoln commented “what will the country think” Virginia during the Civil War

23. Military Success Military success of the south in the eastern theatre did not continue in their Northern battles

24. 1862 • April 1862 • Two day battle of Shiloh (Tennessee-Mississippi) • Union lead by Grant • Confederates by General Albert Sidney Johnston • Johnston was killed • Union lost 13 000 of 63000 troops • Confederates 11 000 of • 40 000 • Officer David Farragut –ordered to take New Orleans • Used war ships to move up Gulf of Mexico • Passed under the cover or dark • After a 90 min battle the first ship had been hit 42 times and 20 of the 24 Union ships had made it to New Orleans without having fired one shot

25. 1862 Harpers Ferry Antietam • September 1862 Robert E. Lee planned to surprise the Union and surround Washington destroying northern moral • “Stonewall” Jackson was sent to capture Harpers Ferry • McClellan and his Union Troops frantically fought off their enemy • Union forces four 3 cigars wrapped with the plans of General Lee on a road in Maryland • Sept. 17,1862 McClellan attacked Lee at Antietam • Bloodiest single day in the war • Confederates had over 11 000+ casualties, McClellan more • McClellan lost to many men to finish Lee off and were driven out of Maryland

26. The Emancipation ProclamationSeptember 22, 1862 • Was an official public announcement made by Lincoln • All slaves were freed as of January 1, 1863 • The slaves in the Confederacy now made the war a conflict war against slavery • Renewed sprit in the north • Thousands of African Americans joined Union lines • Proclamation did not apply in all areas, slavery still existed in border states and areas in the south the Union already conquered –in these areas enslaved peoples would be set free by paying their owners for them • Slavery was abolished elsewhere by the Thirteenth Amendment

27. The War in the West • 1861 • Border states had a struggle for control • Missouri pro-union • After Virginia succeeded pro-union sentiments that were once strong failed • 1863 • West Virginia was admitted to the Union • Kentucky was held by Union army throughout the war despite strong pro-Confederate feelings • 1862 • General Ulysses S. Grant attacked two Confederate forts –Fort Henry (Tennessee River) –Fort Donelson (Cumberland River) • Fall of Fort Donelson and the 13 000 Confederates taken prisoner opened a new path into the south for the Union • Advance towards the railroad in central Mississippi then along to Memphis Tennessee

28. 1863 • Confederate constitution limited the government • The government was the structured and it did not have the abilities necessary during war time • Over time there was resistance from the states with regards to the troops needed for the war • By 1863 the government was finally able to levy taxes and pay for the war • Government printed worthless paper money

29. 1863 • April 1862 South issues conscription • March 1863 Congress creates a military draft in the North • Now men in the north aged 18 to 35 were sent to fight • In the South the age was upped to 50 • Union draftee could pay $300 to buy his way out of the war • July 1863 an anti conscription riot took place in New York City • Men were paid as much as $ 1 500 in a bounty

30. 1863 Vicksburg Chattanooga • Union victory depended on taking Vicksburg • 5 attempts were made by Grant to capture the city • May 1683 moved troops down the Mississippi and worked inland • Conf. Commander waited in a field thinking it was a trick • Took capital of Mississippi • 17 days, won 5 battles against larger armies • Horrible time for the people, left with little to eat and a town under fire • July 4th same day Lee began to retreat from Gettysburg Vicksburg surrendered • July 9th Port Hudson (last Confederate port along Mississippi fell) • 2 largest Southern food producers Texas and Arkansas were cut off from the rest of the South • Through eastern Tennessee and Georgia Union attempts to cut off south once again • General William Rosecrans was defeated by general Braxton Bragg • Took place in northwest Georgia • Grant arrived in late October to resupply the cut off forces and push back the Confederates • Tennessee was taken into the hands of the Union

31. 1863 Gettysburg Gettysburg Address • Pennsylvania • Union troops were on the low ridge and the Confederates attempted to knock them off the high ground • July 3rd Pickett’s Charge General Pickett and his troops were pushed back • Casualties – Union 23 000 -Confederate 28 000 after 3 days of fighting • July 4th Lee returns to Virginia without the follow of the union army • South could not recover from the casualties suffered at Gettysburg • November 19, 1863 Lincoln honoured the fallen soldiers and dedicated the battlefield cemetery • “these dead shall not have died in vain”

32. End of 1863 • Only Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia were left

33. 1864 General William T. Sherman was given command of the west by Lincoln Grant was summoned to crush General Robert E. Lee, something no other general could do

34. 1864 May -June July • Grant lead 120 000 Union forces almost continually fought 60,000 Confederate men • Lee stopped Grant during a battle in a forest where the woods caught fire • Grant did not retreat rather he kept advancing • Attacked Lee at Spotsylvania a very bloody battle • Mid June Lee retreats to Petersburg (south of Richmond) • Grant surrounds the confederates and lay siege to the city • Lee attempts to break the siege • General Jubal Early is instructed by Lee to move through the Shenandoah river valley (in Virginia) and threaten Washington • Union troops lead by General Philip Sheridan drive them back • By the following march (1865) Sheridan reports to Grant “that a crow flying across the valley would have to carry its food”

35. 1864 Continued • May 1864, Grant invades Virginia and General Sherman +his 100 000 troops are ordered to Chattanooga Tennessee to destroy the Confederate west • September, Sherman captured Atlanta and occupied it until November at which time the city was evacuated and burned • Sherman marched southeast carving a path 60 miles wide of destruction • He reached Savannah Georgia and reportedly destroyed $100 million property in Georgia ($20 mill in military) • Entered Savannah December 20, 1864 he learned that 5 days prior the Confederate forces in the west were destroyed by General George Thomas outside Nashville Tennessee • Sherman headed north, again destroying everything in his path • He planned to meet up with Grant in Richmond

36. 1864 • Republicans temporarily changed their name to the Union party in hopes of attracting more Democrat voters • Democrats platform was immediate restoration of the Union –nominated McClellan • Sherman’s capture of Atlanta in Sept. Along with McClellan’s refusal of his parties platform handed Lincoln the victory Lincoln was re-elected

37. 1865 Lincoln’s Inaugural Address • March 1865, reviewed causes for the war • Highlighted both sides are similar and the two centuries of wrong toward African Americans • Confederate armies –surrender • Northerners -“...charity for all ... finish the work we are in..”

38. Coming to a Close March 1865 April 1865 • Grant pressed on Richmond and Sherman marched through the Carolinas • General Less knew the south was helpless and advised they could no longer hold the capital • The Confederate government fled south • April 4th Lincoln was able to walk through the former enemies capital • As Lee’s Troops attempted to unite with other Confederate forces Grant’s forces cut them off • On April 9th the two men met at Appomattox court House (Central Virginia) • Grant offered terms of-men could return home if they pledge not to fight again • Officers may keep their horses and men, there pistols • By June all confederate generals had surrendered • The long bitter struggle came to an end

39. April 14, 1865 • President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth –a confederate sympathizer • Tragedy for both the North and South, as a the man most capable of rebuilding the nation was now gone • Lincoln’s death was called “the heaviest blow which has ever fallen upon the people of the South” –Richmond newspaper • Johnson took over for Lincoln

40. The End of The Civil War • South was home to 1.5 Million white males of fighting age -900 000 served in the forces • North had about 4 Million –about half served • Over 200 000 African Americans fought in the Union forces –thousands were forced into manual labour in the Confederate armies • More Americans were killed in this war then any other in American history

41. The South After • Land was stripped away to nothing • The men came home to see they had nothing left • Economically, socially, and politically the should was devastated • The government at every level had almost disappeared • There was no justice system left other then a few people who took matters into their own hands • Transpiration was a mess –roads were washed away and rail tracks had been renewed • The enslaved workers were now gone a major blow economically • Confederate currency became worthless as well as their bonds, leaving many with no money

42. The South After Continued Workers in the South African Americans • Poor people in the south became tenant farmers renting the land they worked • Sharecroppers could not afford to rent land and worked using the owners belongings for a share of the crops • Many had to buy things on loads, and with high interest rates they were forever indebt leaving trapped on the land until their debts were repaid • Freedom allowed once enslaved families to find each other again • They now choose family names • Some remained on plantations getting paid

43. African Americans 1865 1866 • Joint committee was created by the House and Senate leaders to set congressional policy for the restoration of the union • Provided economic aid for African Americans and protected their civil rights • April 1866 Civil rights bill granted African Americans citizenship was passed • June 1866 14th amendment was added to the constitution to include African Americans and the protection of all under the law

44. November 1866 • Radicals won election giving them control of the House and Senate • Wanted to replace government in the south with military rule • Make sure the freed African Americans were given the right to vote • March 1867 • Congress passed Reconstruction Act –abolished South’s government and put them under military rule • Each state now held a constitutional convention where the delegates were elected by males • If the state legislature ratified the 14th amendment then the state would be readmitted to the Union • 1868 • Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina regained statehood by 1868 • 1869 • African Americans suffrage was protected by the 15th Amendment granting them the right to vote • All states not yet complying needed to for readmission

45. The New Government Johnson March 1867 • Wanted to remove Lincoln’s war minister Edwin Stanton (who sided with the Radicals) and replace him with Grant • When Congress was in recess he did this • However after they came back from recess Grant was removed and Stanton resumed, until Johnson again fired him and attempted to replace him with General Lorenzo Thomas • Stanton then refused to leave and locked himself in his office • Army Appropriation Act was passed which limited the Presidents power • Tenure of Office Act was also passed now requiring the Senates approval of government officials appointed by the president

46. The New Government Continued By 1870 May 16, 1868 • 10 states under military rule were now readmitted to the Union • Many whites in the south boycotted the elections, leaving white southern Union sympathizers (scalawags) and “Carpetbaggers” people form the North who came south • African Americans voted for Republicans who saw them as hope • 3 days following Stanton’s events the House voted to impeach Johnson • Johnson’s layers pled that Lincoln appointed Stanton and therefore the Tenure of Office Act didn’t apply • Senate voted 35:19 one vote short on conviction of Johnson • Johnson remained in office powerless to the Radicals

47. Election of 1868 • General Grant was the candidate for the Radical Republicans • Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour (former governor of New York) • Grant won by a vote of 214 to 80 electoral college votes

48. 1866 1872-1876 • Ku Klux Klan was formed by opponents of Reconstruction and spread throughout the former Confederacy • They would threaten carpetbaggers, school teachers to African Americans, and African Americans • The Klan and other organizations contributed to the governments in the south and regained control of many states • By 1876 South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana were the few states not controlled by white Democrats • Reason for success- many were becoming weary of Radical Reconstruction • 1872 Liberal Republicans refused to support Grant for reelection • Joined Democrats and nominated Horace Greeley for President • Few troops were sent to protect African voters allowing for white power to be restored in the south

49. 1877 The Compromise • Democrat candidate Tilden won 250 000 more popular votes than Republican Hayes but was short a majority • South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana (all under carpetbagger rule) had fraud with regards to their voting • 5 members from each side were elected the house, senate, and supreme court to settle the issue • Hayes won all of the votes • The two side agreed that a Southerner would be named postmaster general, there would be funds given to the south, and all remaining federal troops would be withdrawn • This brought an end to Reconstruction