LARGE-SCALE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES: THE ENGINEERING APPROACH

1. LARGE-SCALE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES: THE ENGINEERING APPROACH Enhance our knowledge base on anthropogenically-stressed, large-scale, geographically-distributed, but interdependent sites. Exploit new developments in information sensing, imaging, transmission, storage, processing, and visualization. Focus on the dynamic, interdependent nature of the systems at the sites. Relate fluxes of materials and energy to anthropogenic impacts, and their evolution over time. Devise science, engineering and policy options to prevent and mitigate adverse impacts and better manage these sites. Establish a cybernetwork of Environmental Field Facilities (EFFs) that represent prototypical environments, thereby promoting information exchange to facilitate synthesis and comparative research across all EFFs of the network. This will have a profound impact on the science and practice of decision support for environmental management.

2. CLEANERCollaborative Large-scale Engineering Assessment Network for Environmental Research A cybernetworked infrastructure of Environmental Field Facilities (EFFs) enables development of engineering solutions and policy options for the restoration and protection of environmental resources.

3. CLEANER: THE SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS • Identify how hierarchies (scale and complexity) of environmental systems and their linkages can be understood through integrated assessment models. • Understand the functioning of large-scale, perturbed environmental systems by elucidating stressors that influence the various outcomes, especially through frequent observations facilitated with real-time devices for sensing, data acquisition, data analysis, and data display . • Devise vital sign indicators, based on this understanding, both for system condition and early warning. • Devise science, engineering and policy options for decision support to prevent and mitigate adverse environmental impacts.

4. CLEANER WORKSHOP Sponsored by the National Science Foundation Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Systems Stanford University Host and Workshop Chair Professor Richard G. Luthy December 4-5, 2001

5. Stanford University Workshop December 4 - 5, 2001 Attendees Richard G. Luthy, NAE (Workshop Chair) Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University (NSF/AC-ERE) Michael D. Aitken Environmental Science and Engineering University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill [President, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP)] Lisa Alvarez-Cohen Civil Engineering University of California Berkeley Jacimaria R. Batista Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Nevada Las Vegas Andria M. Costello Civil and Environmental Engineering Syracuse University Janet G. Hering Environmental Engineering Science California Institute of Technology Kimberly L. Jones Civil Engineering Howard University James E. Kilduff Civil and Environmental Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Sharon C. Long Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Massachusetts Jeanne M. VanBriesen Civil and Environmental Engineering Carnegie Mellon University

6. Stanford University Workshop December 4 - 5, 2001 NSF Observers Dr. Nicholas L. Clesceri Program Director Environmental Engineering Bioengineering and Environmental Systems Division Dr. Richard Fragaszy Program Director Geomechanics and Geotechnical Systems Civil and Mechanical Systems Division Dr. Bruce Hamilton Director, Bioengineering and Environmental Systems Division Dr. Miriam Heller Program Director Information Technology and Infrastructure Systems Civil and Mechanical Systems Division Dr. Priscilla P. Nelson Director, Civil and Mechanical Systems Division Academic Observers Arpad Horvath Assistant Professor Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Berkeley Upal Ghosh Research Associate Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University

8. Stanford University Workshop December 4 - 5, 2001 Advisors Adrienne Cooper Assistant Professor Civil and Environmental Engineering University of South Carolina Costel D. Denson Professor Chemical Engineering University of Delaware (NSF/AC-ERE; NSF/ADCOM/ENG) Domenico Grasso Professor and Chair Picker Engineering Program Smith College Raymond C. Loehr, NAE Professor Civil Engineering University of Texas Austin Orie Loucks Ohio Eminent School of Applied Ecosystems Studies and Professor of Zoology Miami University James J. Morgan, NAE Professor Environmental Engineering Science California Institute of Technology Jerald L. Schnoor, NAE Professor Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Iowa

9. What was Talked About • What is CLEANER? • Why is CLEANER needed? • What is the intellectual merit of CLEANER? • What are the broader impacts of CLEANER? • Why does CLEANER have to be networked? • Why is CLEANER needed now? • What is distinctive about CLEANER? • What is the path forward?

10. What is CLEANER? CLEANER encompasses four general aspects: 1) Network of Environmental Field Facilities (EFFs) - instrumented for the acquisition and analysis of environmental data from anthropogenically-stressed regions, 2) Environmental cyberinfrastructure - a virtual repository of data and information technology for engineering modeling, analysis and visualization of data, 3) Multidisciplinary research and education activities - a grid designed to exploit the output of the instrumented sites and networked information technology for engineering and policy activities directed toward the protection, remediation, and restoration of stressed environments and sustainability of environmental resources, and 4) Collaboratories - infrastructure to catalyze collaboration among engineers, natural and social scientists, educators, policy makers, industry, non-governmental organizations, the public, and other stakeholders.

11. Network of EFFs CLEANER will be a network of well-instrumented Environmental Field Facilities (EFFs). Each EFF will have a distinctive anthropogenically-stressed environment/region. Selection of EFFs will be driven by problems associated with anthropogenic stresses on environmental systems. EFFs will employ an appropriate array of remote and on-site sensors. Innovative monitoring methods will be developed based upon specific site characteristics and targeted stressors. Methods will be devised for real-time data acquisition from newly-designed sensors and wireless transmission.

12. Environmental Cyberinfrastructure Development of a virtual repository for data and models as well as a network to facilitate collaborations. Collection and organization of existing data for the EFFs within a unified database structure. Standardization of input format for newly collected data. Testing and validation of new data with mass balance and statistical approaches. Utilization of visualization for quantitative understanding. Integration of the cybernetworked infrastructure architectured around the user.

13. Multidisciplinary Research and Education Activities Integration of research and education with environmental analysis, decision-making, and management will catalyze interactions among relevant disciplines. The instrumented sites and virtual repository for data and models will enable the development of collaborative and multidisciplinary research projects. Modeling will be a central component of both experimental design and analysis and will facilitate the integration of information within and among CLEANER sites. Data and models will support the elaboration of technical and policy options for site protection, remediation or restoration, requiring collaboration among stakeholders, including engineers, scientists, social scientists, urban planners, and community members. Education and community outreach at EFFs will present opportunities for experiential learning (e.g., through visitor centers).

14. Collaboratories Facilitate collaboration between industry, policy makers, the academic community, non-governmental organizations, the public, and other stakeholders. Support research both at local and global scales in materials flow accounting and analysis, and human perturbations to natural materials flows, especially from urbanization, transportation, land use, and product and process life-cycle assessment. Improve industrial pollution prevention, as well as, remedial efforts through the data repository and associated models. Apply the network for improved public information and education, especially as an “early warning” for system contamination.

15. WHY IS CLEANER NEEDED? Reductionist and discrete disciplinary methodologies are no longer adequate to evaluate and model large, complex environmental systems and anthropogenic stresses. Networked infrastructure is necessary for science and engineering solutions and policy alternatives to assess, manage, and protect complex, stressed environmental resources effectively.

16. WHAT IS THE INTELLECTUAL MERIT OF CLEANER? Assist in evaluating engineering options and in making management decisions with improved measurement tools and integrated assessment models. CLEANER will provide databases that will promote the development and validation of models by reducing the need to make assumptions about mechanisms, by narrowing the uncertainty in parameter values, and by providing better information about time variability of model parameters. Utilize an engineering approach, employing databases and predictive models to define and characterize what sustainability means for a given system, help foresee outcomes of change, and manage environmental systems by controlling anthropogenic inputs, and applying remediation techniques. Promote sustainability by providing data that can be input to resource models, and providing connections between science, engineering, social science, and policy.

17. WHAT ARE THE BROADER IMPACTS OF CLEANER? The CLEANER network will standardize data collection, promote standard protocols, and improve data comparability, quality assurance and quality control to facilitate “lessons-learned” transferability among EFFs.. The remotely accessible data archives will make data available before publication and promote external evaluation and critique of data. These archives will provide an unbiased, unaffiliated, non-political source of data for the broader community, and promote data mining for trends and research support. An important long-term effect will be to promote collaboration, technology transfer, and communication within fields, among fields, between academic and non-academic institutions, and among stakeholders. CLEANER has the potential to systemically influence engineering education by engaging the academic community and educators at all levels in large-scale, multidisciplinary, and complex real-world problems,

18. WHY DOES CLEANER HAVE TO BE A NETWORK? The CLEANERnetwork, will facilitate the transfer and fundamental understanding of modeling capabilities, research strategies and methodologies, and technology development among EFFs. The network will enable the identification of research trends with national implications that couldn’t otherwise be detected at autonomous sites. The network will serve as a distributed tool for education, research and outreach. A significant feature of the network, the development of models and advanced knowledge discovery, will identify critical linkages between multiple interacting stressors that might otherwise go undetected.

19. WHY IS CLEANER NEEDED NOW? *Urgency for need The growing population and commercial needs lead to increased demand for high quality environmental conditions, e.g., water and current threats to water resources, including pathogens, persistent bioaccumulative toxins, long-term low-level releases, contaminant mixtures, emerging contaminants, groundwater overdraft, and wastewater reuse issues. The same importance and urgency is apparent for the other environmental media, i.e, air and land resources. In fact, a significant aspect of this urgency is the intermedia fate and transport of contaminants. *Emerging Technology The recent development of new technologies in sensing, data networking and information technology has enabled improved collection and management of critical environmental information. CLEANER will be a focused test bed for environmental cyberinfrastructure development.

20. WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT CLEANER? Provides a comprehensive engineering approach to evaluating regional environmental impacts, accounting for biological, chemical, physical and human influences. Focuses on stressed environments. Focuses on environmental resources critical to economic productivity, human health and quality of life. Establishes cause-and-effect relationships with feedback mechanisms for implementing change (both engineering and policy). Enables forecasting capabilities (via modeling) to evaluate impacts of technical, political and social change on the study region. Extends modeling scope to system and intersystem level. Addresses environments inherently characterized by changes over broad temporal scales. Evaluates sensor needs relevant to EFF-specific requirements.

21. Path Forward A. Development of Concept/Content/Management Plan 1. Workshops on: a. EFF concepts/budgets b. Project scenarios and interaction with infrastructure design/modification c. Environmental Cyberinfrastructure, and interactions with LTERs, NEON, NEES 2. Expand disciplinary inclusiveness, beyond Environmental/Civil Engineers B. Communication 1. Via a CLEANER Website 2. Within NSF and affiliates (e.g., AC/ENG, WG/ERE, AC/ERE, NSB) 3. Other agencies (e.g., EPA, NOAA, DOE, DOD, USGS) 4. NAE/NAS members, AEESP, ASCE, WEF, AWWA, SETAC, ACS, AGU, ASM, etc. C. Leadership (pro tem) 1. Community (Dick Luthy, Jerry Schnoor, Lisa Alvarez-Cohen , Andria, Costello, Mike Aitken) 2. NSF (Nick Clesceri, Bruce Hamilton, Priscilla Nelson, Miriam Heller, Rick Fragaszy)