To understand the types of bonds formed by the carbon atom To learn about the alkanes

1. Objectives • To understand the types of bonds formed by the carbon atom • To learn about the alkanes • To learn about structural isomers • To learn to draw structural formulas • To learn to name alkanes and substituted alkanes • To learn about the composition and uses of petroleum • To learn about the chemical reactions of alkanes

2. Carbon Chemistry • Carbon is unusual • Bonds strongly to itself • Forms long chains or rings • Biomolecule – molecule that functions in maintaining and reproducing life • Organic compounds – vast majority of carbon compounds • Exceptions – oxides and carbonates

3. A. Carbon Bonding • When carbon has 4 atoms bound to it these atoms have a tetrahedral shape.

4. A. Carbon Bonding Double bond • Sharing of 2 pairs of electrons • Triple bond • Sharing of 3 pairs of electrons

5. B. Alkanes • Hydrocarbons – compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen • Saturated – all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds • Unsaturated – containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds

6. B. Alkanes • Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons

7. B. Alkanes • Normal, straight-chain or unbranched hydrocarbons • Contain strings or chains of carbon atoms • Representations

8. B. Alkanes

9. C. Structural Formulas and Isomerism • Structural isomerism –occurs when 2 molecules have the same atoms but different bonds

10. D. Naming Alkanes • Basic principles • The name for an alkane is based on Greek root with the suffix –ane.

11. D. Naming Alkanes • For branched hydrocarbons use the longest continuous chain for the root name. • Basic principles

12. D. Naming Alkanes • Alkanes missing one H atom can have another hydrocarbon attached at the missing H point. • Basic principles

13. D. Naming Alkanes • Specify the names of substituents by numbering the C atoms starting at the end closest to the branching. • Basic principles

14. D. Naming Alkanes • Basic principles

15. D. Naming Alkanes • If a substituent occurs more than once use a prefix to show this. • Basic principles 2,3-dimethylpentane

16. D. Naming Alkanes

17. E. Petroleum • Hydrocarbons are an energy resource.

18. E. Petroleum • Petroleum – thick, dark liquid composed mostly of hydrocarbon compounds • Natural gas – consists mostly of methane, usually associated with petroleum deposits

19. F. Reactions of Alkanes • Combustion – reaction with oxygen • Substitution – one or more H atoms are replaced with different atoms

20. F. Reactions of Alkanes • Dehydrogenation – one or more H atoms are removed and the product is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

21. Objectives • To learn to name hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds • To understand addition reactions • To learn about the aromatic hydrocarbons • To learn to name aromatic compounds

22. A. Alkenes and Alkynes • Alkenes – hydrocarbon containing carbon-carbon double bonds • General formula CnH2n • Alkynes – hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds • General formula CnH2n - 2

23. A. Alkenes and Alkynes

24. A. Alkenes and Alkynes • Reactions of Alkenes • Addition reactions – new atoms form single bonds to the carbons formerly involved in a double or triple bond • Hydrogenation – use H2 as the reactant to be added • Halogenation – addition of halogen atoms • Polymerization – joining of many small molecules to form a large molecule

25. B. Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Aromatic hydrocarbons – cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons with strong aromas

26. B. Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Benzene – simplest aromatic hydrocarbon

27. C. Naming Aromatic Compounds • Monosubstituted benzenes – use the substituent name as a prefix of benzene

28. C. Naming Aromatic Compounds • Disubstituted benzenes – use numbers to indicate the position of substituents and the substituent name as a prefix of benzene

29. C. Naming Aromatic Compounds • Complex aromatic molecules

30. Objectives • To learn the common functional groups in organic molecules • To learn about simple alcohols and how to name them • To learn about how some alcohols are made and used

31. A. Functional Groups • Functional group – additional atom or groups of atoms (containing elements in addition to H and C) found on a mostly hydrocarbon molecule

32. B. Alcohols • All alcohols contain the –OH group.

33. B. Alcohols

34. C. Properties and Uses of Alcohols • Methanol • starting material for making acetic acid and many adhesives, fibers and plastics • motor fuel • Ethanol • Fermentation product • Fuel additive used to make gasohol

35. C. Properties and Uses of Alcohols • Other alcohols • Ethylene glycol – automotive antifreeze • Phenol – production of adhesives and plastics

36. Objectives • To learn about aldehydes and ketones • To learn to name aldehydes and ketones • To learn about some common carboxylic acids and esters • To learn about some common polymers

37. A. Aldehydes and Ketones • Carbonyl group – carbon oxygen group found in both aldehydes and ketones • Ketone – carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms

38. A. Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehyde – carbonyl group always appears on the end of the hydrocarbon chain and has at least one H atom bonded to the carbonyl group

39. A. Aldehydes and Ketones

40. B. Naming Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehydes • Use the parent alkane name. • Remove the e and replace it with al.

41. B. Naming Aldehydes and Ketones • Ketones • Use the parent alkane name. • Remove the e and replace it with one. • Use a number to indicate the position of the carbonyl group in the hydrocarbon chain. • Select the number so that the carbonyl has the lowest possible number.

42. C. Carboxylic Acids and Esters • Carboxylic acids – contains the carboxyl group • COOH • General formula RCOOH • Weak acids in solution

43. C. Carboxylic Acids and Esters • To name carboxylic acids • Use the parent alkane name. • Remove the e and replace it with oic.

44. C. Carboxylic Acids and Esters

45. D. Polymers • Polymers – large chainlike molecules made from many small molecules called monomers • Simplest polymer – polyethylene • Polyethylene results from addition polymerization.

46. D. Polymers • Condensation polymerization – a small molecule (often water) is released for each addition of a monomer to the polymer chain • Nylon • Copolymer – 2 different types of monomers combine to form the chain