World War I The Great European War “The War to End A ll Wars” 1914-1918

1. World War I The Great European War “The War to End All Wars” 1914-1918

2. Map Directions—see atlas p. 85 • Label the countries of Europe 2. Label Africa and The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) • Label the Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea • Create a key for: Triple Entente/Allies (purple) Triple Alliance/Central Powers (orange) Neutral Countries (green) Water (blue) • Color the designated areas (stripe Italy in orange and purple since it switched sides after the war started) • Add a compass (N,S,E,W) • Label the Western Front, The Eastern Front, and The Sinking of The Lusitania

3. APUSH: • Label The Balkans—this was called “The Powder Keg” because of the revolutionary spirit of the area—they wanted self-determination for their people from the A-H Empire. It was eventually given autonomy under the name, “Yugoslavia” after the war. In the 1990s, it was war-torn again and divided into smaller nations of Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, Macedonia, Albania, Croatia, etc.

4. WW I Films • Paths of Glory • All Quiet on the Western Front • Fly Boys • Gallipoli • Nicholas and Alexandra • War Horse • Joyeaux Noel

5. Background • Recall the round table discussion and the countries involved. How didimperialismlead to World War I?

6. WWI Terms • alliances— “friendships” between countries • assassination—planned political murder • neutrality—not taking sides • trenches—burrowed areas for fighting • stalemate—no one advances • selective service—draft or conscription • contraband—smuggled goods 8. U-Boats—German submarines

7. unrestricted submarine warfare—violation of the freedom of the seas • American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.)—American army in France led by General Pershing • propaganda—exaggerated or false information used to persuade • bond— “loan” to U.S. to finance war • Meuse-Argonne—battle leading to allied success against Germany in France (turning point) • abdicate—leave the monarchy • armistice—ceasefire (Nov. 11, 1918)

8. Causes • Imperialism(acquiring colonies) • Nationalism (intense patriotism) • Militarism (new inventions) • Opposing Alliances—Triple Entente and Triple Alliance (Allies vs. Centrals) • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of A-H (by a Serb in Bosnia) (‘’MANIA’’)

9. ‘‘The sparkthat lit the powderkeg ’’

10. “Sides” • Triple Entente—France, England (Great Britain/United Kingdom), Russia—called ALLIES • Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (who quit and switched to allies and was replaced by Turkey)—called CENTRALS • U.S. did not believe in joining military alliances

11. 1914—Eastern and Western Fronts

12. Officially, President Wilson issued a Proclamation of Neutrality

14. America Entered War (“to make the world safe for democracy”) Reasons: • U.S. felt sympathy for Belgium, England and France—we sent food and weapons to Europe—freedom of the seas • Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare • Sinking of The Lusitania (British civilian ship--many Americans lost)—1915 • The Zimmerman Note (Germany urged Mexico to invade us!)--1917

18. American Pacifists (did not support the war) • William Jennings Bryan (secretary of state) • Jane Addams • Eugene Debs • Henry Ford • Andrew Carnegie • Note: Woodrow Wilson ran for re-election in 1916 with “He kept us out of war.”

19. Anti-WarMovement: Women’sPeace Party

20. America Mobilized for War • “Food will win the war” • Hooverizing • Propaganda posters and films • Recruitment and Selective Service

21. The Typical U.S. Soldier • Uneducated • Inexperienced • Wantedadventure • Was in poorhealth • ‘’Doughboy’’ • Sang ‘’Over There’’ and othersongs…

22. Home Front • War Industries Board—government contracts (women and minorities work in factories) • Victory Gardens • “Wheatless Tuesdays, Meatless Mondays…”, “Serve just enough”, “Use all leftovers” • Committee of Public Information—very anti-German (“Huns”) • “Loose lips sink ships!”

23. Anti-GermanPropaganda

24. Recruitment Posters

25. New words… • Sauerkrautbecame liberty cabbage • Germanmeasles became liberty measles • The Germanlanguage wasoutlawed

26. VictoryGardens ‘‘Food willwin the war! ’’

27. U.S. Helps Allies Win the War • AEF—American Expeditionary Force led by General Pershing (“Lafayette, we are here!”) • Doughboys—new weapons, gas masks, trench warfare, “no man’s land” • Songs: “Over There” and “Hinky Dinky Parlez-Vous” and “Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit Bag and Smile, Smile, Smile” • Battles—St. Mihiel, Argonne Forest, Meuse Valley, The Marne, Chateau Thierry, Belleau Wood • Stalemate

29. Finally… • Armistice Signed—Nov. 11, 1918, 11AM • Kaisar Wilhelm (leader of Germany) abdicated • Russia was in Revolution • Czar Nicholas was forced to abdicate and was later assassinated along with his family • Communism established in Russia—led by Lenin and his Red Army

30. Abdication and Assassinationof Tsar Nicholas II

31. November 11, 1918, 11 am

32. Results • Worst war in history up to that point • Shell shock, trench foot, disillusionment • Lives and expenses—37 million casualties—20 million dead—U.S. spent $22 billion (116,000 Americans killed, 200,000 Americans wounded) • Germany was “punished” and had to pay $ 33 billion to allies • There was no “reconstruction” of Germany

33. GermanResentments

34. America changed… • Great Migration—many African-Americans moved north • African-Americans were treated as equals in France but not in U.S. • Wartime prohibition against alcohol became a national law in 1920 • Anti-Communist attitudes led to a “Red Scare” in U.S.

35. AfricanAmericans in France

36. American ‘‘Reds’’Emma Goldman and John Reed

37. Film made in 1981

38. New Weapons • Submarines (U- Boats) • Airplanes • Zeppelins • Machine guns • Poison gas • Gas masks • Dynamite • Grenades • “Propaganda”

39. Treaty of Versailles • Wilson’s Fourteen Points—new boundaries, self-rule, no secret treaties, freedom of the seas, arms limitations, League of Nations • Wilson wanted “peace without victory” • Big Four—Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (England), Orlando (Italy)

40. The Big Four—Wilson, Orlando, Clemenceau, Lloyd George

42. Changes • Establishment of the Weimar Republic in Germany with reparations paid to Allies • A new map of Europe dissolved A-H and created Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria and Hungary • A new map of the Middle East dissolved the Ottoman Empire and created Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and many other nations—overseen by England and France • A homeland for Jews was created in Palestine—overseen by England and France

44. Efforts at Lasting Peace • League of Nations (U.S. did not join!)—met in Geneva, Switzerland • Washington and London Conferences—reduced navies • Kellogg-Briand Pact—outlawed war !!

46. Aftermath • The U.S. never signed the Treaty of Versailles—it was blocked in the Senate by Henry Cabot Lodge • The U.S. never joined the League of Nations • President Wilson, during efforts to get U.S. approval for the treaty, had a serious stroke • Many believe that Wilson could not function as president during his remaining time, and his wife made every major decision for him • Spanish Influenza took its toll….

47. 1920 Election of Isolationist Harding

48. Did you know…? • Sergeant York was the most decorated soldier in the war—he was an American Quaker • The image of Uncle Sam was used for the U.S. • A Peace Palace was built in The Hague, Netherlands • The American Red Cross started during WWI • Mrs. Edith Wilson was called the First Woman President • The Armenian Massacre by Turkey brought many immigrants to the U.S.

49. Sergeant York was a Quaker

50. And… • Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, used his money to establish a peace prize and other prizes to recognize excellence • An “espionage act” was passed to suspend the writ of habeas corpus during WWI in U.S. (similar to the Patriot Act) • Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes supported the espionage act— “Red Scare” • Palmer Raids followed…