1 / 39

Speech & Music

Speech & Music. PSY 295 – Sensation & Perception Christopher DiMattina , PhD. Music. Music has powerful emotional effects. Study by Blood and Zatorre (2001) Subjects listened to music which was emotionally compelling to them and gave them ‘chills’ PET imaging of brain activity .

dino
Download Presentation

Speech & Music

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Speech & Music PSY 295 – Sensation & Perception Christopher DiMattina, PhD

  2. Music PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  3. Music has powerful emotional effects • Study by Blood and Zatorre (2001) • Subjects listened to music which was emotionally compelling to them and gave them ‘chills’ • PET imaging of brain activity PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  4. Physiological effects • Changes in heart rate, breathing, muscle tone PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  5. Brain effects • Increase in activity in brain areas related to reward (ventral striatum, left dorsal midbrain) • Decrease in other areas (amygdala) PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  6. Other studies • Music can reduce pain • Promote positive emotions • Alleviate stress PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  7. Musical notes • Pitch is the psychological quality of perceived frequency • As we recall from the missing fundamental demo, not necessarily the same as actual spectral energy PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  8. Pitch neurons in A1 • Neurons in A1 show sensitivity to perceived musical pitch (Bendor & Wang 2005) PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  9. Musical Scale • Musical notes go from 25 Hz to 4000 Hz • Different instruments cover different ranges PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  10. Octave • If one tone has twice the frequency of another, they are 1 octave apart • Sound more similar than tones with nearby frequencies (pitch is not simply frequency!) • Middle C sounds more like High C than Middle D PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  11. Helix • Can describe pitch by two dimensions • Tone height (frequency) and chroma (color) PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  12. Pitch and temporal coding • Frequency can be encoded by both place and temporal coding • Temporal coding weak above 5000 Hz • Pitch is weak above 5000 Hz – sequence of tones does not convey melody well PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  13. Chords • A chord is a set of three notes of different pitch which are played together • Mathematical ratios of frequency determine chord quality • Consonant chords have simple ratios (2:1, 3:4, ) • Dissonant chords have complex ratios (16:15, 45:32) PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  14. Web activity • http://sites.sinauer.com/wolfe3e/chap11/notesF.htm PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  15. Speech PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  16. Basic anatomy • Larynx – houses the vibrating vocal chords • Vocal tract – airway above the larynx used for production of speech PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  17. Respiration and phonation • Phonation – process where air is pushed out of lungs and vocal chords vibrate (vary tension of vocal folds) • Articulation – changing shape of vocal tract to produce speech sounds PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  18. Harmonic spectrum • Vibrations of the vocal folds create a harmonic spectrum • Spectrum needs to be shaped by vocal tract to give recognizable speech PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  19. Articulation • Changing size and shape of vocal pathway changes the filter function applied to the harmonic spectrum PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  20. Formants • Peaks in the speech spectrum are called formants • Different vowels are specified by their formants PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  21. Spectrograms • Vowels are steady-state and characterized by their spectra • Most other sounds (consonants) vary over time and must be characterized by their spectrogram PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  22. Vowel sounds of english • Vowels differ by location of tongue (low/high, front/back) PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  23. Voiced and voiceless consontants • Voiced – vocal chords vibrating • Voiceless – vocal chords not vibrating PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  24. Coarticulation • Acoustic properties of speech sounds depend on previous and subsequent speech sounds – coarticulation • In book, say ‘moody’ and ‘eedoom’ – path of tounge different and ‘d’ sounds different • Context sensitivity means there are no invariants of speech sounds – hard for computer speech recognition PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  25. Coarticulation • The formant transition for F1 is the same for ‘bah’,’dah’,’gah’ when they preceed the same vowel • They differ when proceeding different vowels PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  26. Categorical perception • For most stimuli, gradually changing parameters gradually changes perception • For speech this does not hold • Cannot discriminate sounds with the same category label • Perception ‘jumps’ for equidistant sounds with different category labels PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  27. Categorical perception PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  28. Primate vocalization morphing • Can study categorical perception in other species (DiMattina & Wang 2006) PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  29. Is speech special? • “Motor theory” – processes used to produce speech sounds are used to understand speech • Problem with this: Other species which don’t produce human speech can learn to categorically perceive human speech PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  30. Categorical perception is ubiquitous • Many complex stimuli are perceived categorically PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  31. Web activity • http://sites.sinauer.com/wolfe3e/chap11/catpercepF.htm PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  32. McGurk Effect • http://sites.sinauer.com/wolfe3e/chap11/mcgurkF.htm PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  33. McGurk Effect • Visual articulation cues bias auditory perception PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  34. BBC • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-lN8vWm3m0 PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  35. Speech and the brain PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  36. Cochlear implants PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  37. Speech with cochlear implants • http://sens.com/helps/demo05/helps_d05a_RK_7055_CI_20_65a.htm PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  38. Speech perception in A1 • Complex sounds, including speech, activate area A1 • However, speech sounds activate areas more anterior and ventral to A1 PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

  39. Electrode arrays • Neural activity in auditory regions shows categorical perception of syllables ‘bah’, ‘dah’, ‘gah’ PSY 295 - Grinnell College - Fall 2012

More Related