The Yalta Conference

1. The Yalta Conference

2. Division of Germany and Europe After World War II

3. The Potsdam Conference: Beginning of the Cold War

4. The Truman Doctrine The “containment” of communism primary goal Takes three basic formats: economic assistance to allies (the Marshall Plan) military assistance to pro-democracy/anti-communist movements (Berlin, Korea) military alliances (NATO)

5. Berlin Airlift (April, 1948 – May, 1949) Soviets cut off access to West Berlin to force West to surrender it to communist East Germany Truman responds with an airlift of supplies to keep W. Berlin free

6. Berlin Airlift (April, 1947 – May, 1949) Allies dropped tons of supplies for 14 months; Stalin forced to give up effort

7. The Marshall Plan

8. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

9. 1948 Election Democrats spilt into three over Civil Rights and Cold War policies Truman defeats Dewey in an upset Formation of the States’ Rights Party (“Dixiecrats”); opposed to civil rights for black Americans

10. The Korean War (1950 – 1953) Communist North Korea invades non-communist South; MacArthur invades at Inchon (Sept. 1950) to drive North past 38th parallel MacArthur pushes N. Koreans to Chinese border; China enters the war (Nov. 1950) and pushes UN forces back . MacArthur blames Truman publicly.

11. The Korean War (1950 – 1953) Truman reprimands MacArthur April, 1951 – criticizes Truman again, fired from, command; extremely unpopular move MacArthur returns as a hero

13. The New Red Scare An effect of the Cold War; search to eliminate communism from govt. and society Led by the House Un-American Activities Committee Pete Seeger

14. The New Red Scare Case against Alger Hiss; State Department diplomat, present at Yalta, accused Soviet spy Led by Richard Nixon Hiss convicted of perjury; later proven to be Soviet agent

15. The New Red Scare The Rosenbergs! Accused Soviet spies in the Manhattan Project; executed for treason Protests against “witch hunt” Later proven to be Soviet spies

16. “McCarthyism” Sen. Joseph McCarthy (R – WI) uses public hearings to “expose” hundreds of Soviet agents in the govt. Most are innocent. Senate hearings on Soviet influence on US government

17. “McCarthyism” Little proof offered, mostly accusations Hundreds of careers and people ruined by McCarthy; many others left govt. service

18. “McCarthyism” McCarthy accuses the Army of harboring communists; hearings televised Publicly exposed as a bully and fraud; Senate later censures (reprimands) him; dies 1957

19. 1952 Election

20. Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower Enhancement of Truman Doctrine: “rollback” of communism “brinksmanship” – pushing Soviets to accept concessions in arms race Areas of conflict: Central America, Hungary Pres. Eisenhower with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles

21. Sputnik (Oct. 1957): Russians launch first satellite into space; causes panic in US Cuba (Jan. 1959): Fidel Castro takes over Cuba; later announces creation of communist govt., first in this hemisphere Other Cold War Issues

22. Other Cold War Incidents May, 1960 – the U2 incident US spy plane shot down over USSR; used as evidence of American spying Pilot on trial; ruins first American-Soviet summit in Vienna in June

23. Election of 1960 VP Richard Nixon vs. Sen. John F. Kennedy JFK 2nd Catholic candidate, also 2nd youngest presidential candidate Impact of first televised debate; swings momentum toward JFK

24. JFK wins one of the closest elections in history; 16 Southern Democrat electors vote for alternative candidate Sen. Harry Byrd of Virginia in protest.

25. The JFK Administration “The New Frontier”: new era in govt. (The “best and the brightest”) New generation The Kennedy Cabinet Hot!

26. The Bay of Pigs – April, 1961 Attempt to re-take Cuba with anti-Castro rebels trained in Florida by the CIA Total failure, due to poor intelligence and JFK refusing to provide air support

27. The Berlin Wall – August, 1961 Soviet leader Khrushchev test JFK by sealing off East Berlin with a wall to prevent mass exodus to the West

28. The Berlin Wall – August, 1961 Khrushchev threatens war if Berlin is invaded JFK threatens retaliation if W. Germany is threatened Truce goes into effect but wall stays until 1989

29. The Cuban Missile Crisis: October, 1962 USSR places offensive missiles in Cuba US calls for a “quarantine” of Cuba, generates UN support for removal of missiles Soviets continue buildup of weapons in Cuba

30. The Cuban Missile Crisis: October, 1962 JFK address to the American people: prepare for war Soviet ships approach line, stop, then turn around Missiles removed after 13 day standoff; JFK promises no invasion of Cuba and removal of missiles in Turkey in return Impact: arms limitation talks begin; Khrushchev removed from power 18 months later

31. JFK and Civil Rights At first, reluctant to involve govt.; afraid to oppose southern Democrats Led by Martin Luther King and Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

32. The Civil Rights Movement Tactics: “civil disobedience” – passive resistance to segregation, nonviolent response “sit-ins” – refusal to leave segregated restaurants or stores

33. The Civil Rights Movement “freedom riders” – protesters ride buses to force integration in depots and facilities Marches and protests

34. The Civil Rights Movement Dangers of the movement

35. The Civil Rights Movement Birmingham, May, 1963

36. The Civil Rights Movement I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

37. The Civil Rights Movement Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. And when this happens, When we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"

38. The Assassination of JFK Nov. 22, 1963 – Dallas Impact Theories

39. Lyndon B. Johnson Background: former teacher House member from TX former Senate majority leader and VP Supportive of civil rights and “War on Poverty”

40. The Civil Rights Under LBJ 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964: outlawed discrimination in employment and public facilities; most important of the Civil Rights Acts;Passed as a memorial to JFK The Voting Rights Act of 1965: prevented states from barring minorities from voting; eliminated literacy tests and other barriers

41. The Movement Divides Increasing violence Medgar Evers, NAACP chapter president, murdered in Mississippi Three civil rights workers murdered

42. Riots in LA and Detroit Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam The Movement Divides Elijah Muhammad, founder of the Nation of Islam The Black Panthers

43. The Assassination of MLK April 4, 1968 – killed in Memphis Riots followed Impact on Civil Rights movement

44. The Great Society LBJ’s “War on Poverty” – massive expansion of govt. programs to aid the poor, elderly Medicare Head Start WIC Medicaid

45. Impact of LBJ’s Policies

46. 1968 Election March – LBJ refuses to run for another term June - Robert Kennedy assassinated in LA August – Dem. Convention in Chicago erupts in violence Protests over Vietnam; police crack down

47. Candidates: 1968 Election Richard Nixon - Rep Hubert Humphrey - Dem George Wallace – Am. Ind.