Evolution of Prime Movers: History to Modern Innovations

1. True Model for Automotive Prime Movers P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department An Unending Search for Sustainable Anatomy of an Artificial Horse….

2. Timeline : History of steam engines • 1698        Thomas Savery patent1712        Thomas Newcomen patent1736        Watt born1755        Watt trained in London1763        Watt discovers problem with Newcomen engine1765        Watt discovers external condenser1769        Roebuck and Watt patent the engine1774        Boulton acquires Roebuck's patent rights. 1776        The first Boulton and Watt engine is commercially applied1781-2    Patent the double-acting engine1800       Engine patent runs out. Watt retires at 64, healthy, happy, and famous1819       James Watt dies, age 83

3. Study & Duplication of A Thermodynamic System Target for Innovation : Engine must be many times a Horse. Constraints: Rate of Fuel Consumption per Unit Power.

4. Steam Wagon/Tractor : Second Half 19th Century

5. Steam Power Plants : Generation of Cheap Source of Electricity ~1760 : James Watt ~1820 : Sadi Carnot

6. The Ideal Gas Engine • 1824: Sadi Carnot, who founded the science of thermodynamics, identified several fundamental ideas that would be incorporated in later internal combustion engines: • He noted that air compressed by a ratio of 15 to 1 would be hot enough (200°C) to ignite dry wood. • He recommended compressing the air before combustion. Fuel could then be added by "an easily invented injector". • Carnot realized that the cylinder walls would require cooling to permit continuous operation. • Later, Diesel thought he could avoid this, but found out the hard way. • He noted that usable heat would be available in the exhaust, and recommended passing it under a water boiler.

7. Cheaper Modes of Transport Nicolaus A. Otto Rudolf Diesel Diesel developed an engine that was more than seven times more efficient than the (100 years evolved steam engine).

8. Evolution of the Inventor Vs the Species Being Duplicated

9. Philosophy of Science • The goal which physical science has set itself is the simplest and most economical abstract expression of facts. • The human mind, with its limited powers, attempts to mirror in itself the rich life of the world, of which it itself is only a small part……. • In reality, the law always contains less than the fact itself. • A Law does not reproduce the fact as a whole but only in that aspect of it which is important for us, the rest being intentionally or from necessity omitted.

10. Anatomy of A Horse : Result of Nearly 50 million years of Evolution World horse population estimated at 58 million. Ten countries in the world have a horse population of more than a million, with the total global equine population estimated at 58 million, according to a report compiled by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT).Sep 12, 2007

11. Unrealistic Design Conditions • Constant load Operation. • Constant Speed Operation N(rpm) T (Nm) t t

12. Anatomy of An Aritificial Horse : Result of Nearly ~150 years of Evolution 1.2 Billion Vehicles (Artificial Horses) On World's Roads : July 29, 2014

13. Actual Operational Conditions of Artificial Horse on Urban Roads

14. Ecological Complaints against Artificial Horses