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Introduction to the Digestive System: Structure, Processes, and Functions

Explore the basic divisions, digestive processes, non-digestive functions, layers of the digestive tract, peritoneum, and accessory structures of the oral cavity.

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Introduction to the Digestive System: Structure, Processes, and Functions

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  1. Digestive System

  2. Digestive System • Basic Divisions • Digestive tract • Accessory organs: various exocrine glands

  3. Digestive Processes • Ingestion • Mechanical Processing • Motility • Peristalsis

  4. Digestive Processes • Ingestion • Mechanical Processing • Motility • Peristalsis

  5. Digestive Processes • Ingestion • Mechanical Processing • Motility • Peristalsis • Segmentation movements

  6. Digestive Processes, continued • Chemical digestion • Secretion • Absorption • Excretion and defecation

  7. Non-Digestive Functions of Digestive Tract • Immunity • Storage of iron

  8. Layers of the digestive tract Mucosa Epithelium Lamina propria (areolar CT) Muscularis mucosae

  9. Layers of the digestive tract, continued Submucosa includes the submucosal plexus

  10. Layers of the digestive tract, continued • Muscularis externa: responsible for peristalsis and segmentation movements • longitudinal layer • circular layer • myenteric plexus

  11. Layers of the digestive tract, continued • Serosa (the visceral peritoneum is an example) • Simple squamous epithelium • Areolar CT • Within peritoneal cavity only

  12. Layers of the digestive tract, continued • Adventitia • Dense irregular CT • Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum

  13. The Peritoneum • Parietal p. • Visceral p.

  14. The mesenteries • Mesentery proper • Mesocolon • Greater omentum • Lesser omentum • Falciform ligament

  15. Accessory structures of the oral (buccal) cavity • Teeth: will cover in lab • Tongue: read textbook • Salivary glands • buccal glands • lingual glands

  16. Oral (buccal) cavity • Salivary Glands • buccal glands • lingual glands • major salivary glands • parotid

  17. Oral (buccal) cavity • Salivary Glands • buccal glands • lingual glands • major salivary glands • parotid • sublingual • submandibular

  18. Structure of salivary glands glandular epithelium merocrine cells

  19. Structure of salivary glands glandular epithelium merocrine cells • compound tubulo-acinar

  20. Functions of saliva • lubrication for swallowing, speaking • re-mineralizes tooth enamel • buffer • antibodies (IgA) • dissolves food molecules • some chemical digestion

  21. Pharynx • To be discussed with the respiratory system

  22. Esophagus • Structural features • muscular tube about 25 cm long • posterior to larynx, trachea • pierces diaphragm through esophageal hiatus

  23. 2 Esophogeal sphincters: • upper esophageal sphincter • lower esophageal sphincter

  24. Histology highlights • mucosa • submucosa: lots of mucous glands • muscularis externa • adventitia (no serosa)

  25. Gastroesophageal Reflux

  26. Stomach Location

  27. Stomach Location: from epigastric and umbilical region

  28. Stomach Location: from epigastric and umbilical region to left hypochondriac regions

  29. Gross Structural Features cardiac region fundus body pylorus pyloric sphincter

  30. Stomach motility video

  31. Stomach Histology • mucosa

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