American Indians

1. American Indians In early Arkansas For use in grades 1-5 classrooms Arkansasheritage.com

2. Arkansas frameworks related to American Indians in Arkansas • The following frameworks are addressed in the following Power Point, grades K-5 • H.6.K.9: Understand the name of Arkansas originated from the Quapaw Indians • H.6.2.11: Recognize American Indian tribes of Arkansas: Osage, Quapaw and Caddo • H.6.3.14: Identify and describe the Arkansas Indian tribes: Osage, Quapaw, and Caddo • H.6.4.15: Identify the reasons for the decline of the native populations of Arkansas (e.g. influenza, small pox, competition for land) • H.6.5.29: Locate and describe the three main Indian cultures in Arkansas during the exploration period: Quapaw, Caddo and Osage Indians

3. Who are American Indians? • American Indians were the first people to live in the Americas. They were here before the Europeans came and settled in the area we call the United States.

4. This map shows you where American Indians live today

5. There were three main American Indian tribesin early Arkansas • Caddo • Osage • Quapaw

6. Let’s find out about the Caddo Nation! • The original name of the Caddo was Cadohadacho • When the Europeans came to North America, the Caddo lived in the present states of Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. • Today, most of the Caddo live in the state of Oklahoma.

7. The Caddo looked like this

8. Osage Nation • The Osage Indians also lived in Arkansas • They originally lived in present day Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas. • Today, most of the people of the Osage Nation live in Oklahoma.

9. The Quapaw Tribe • The name Quapaw (Ugakhpa or O-gah-pah) is translated as “people who live downstream.” Our state is named for this American Indian tribe!

10. The Quapaw looked like this

11. Other early American Indians in Arkansas: Tunica-Biloxi Tribe and Chickasaw Nation • The Tunica-Biloxi Tribe mainly lived in Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas. • Today the Tunica-Biloxi people are referred to as the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana and live in Louisiana.

12. The people of the Chickasaw Nation lived in the northeast corner of the state. • The Chickasaw primarily lived in the states of Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri. • Today most of the Chickasaw live in the state of Oklahoma.

13. Culture of the Caddo, Osage and Quapaw • Culture is how a people live. It includes such things as the following: their language, clothing, hair styles, transportation, food, homes, how children are raised, music, arts, and folklore. Let’s look at the culture of the these three tribes : the Caddo, Osage and Quapaw.

14. First, the Caddo! Language Most Caddo speak English today but many also speak the Caddo language. Example: “Kua’at”(pronounced Koo-ah-aht) is a friendly greeting.

15. Caddo men’s clothing • Caddo men wore breechcloths • and sometimes leather leggings.

16. Caddo women • Caddo women wore wraparound skirts and poncho tops made of deerskin. They usually braided their hair or tied it back with ribbons. • Both men and women wore earrings and moccasins.

17. Hair styles! • Men wore their hair in a scalplock. (One long lock of hair on top of their head usually braided). • Sometimes the men wore a “ roach” or headpiece made of red-dyed deer hair and turkey beards. “turkey roach”

18. Women and hair styles • Caddo women usually wore their long hair in a bun. • For special occasions they would add ornaments or ribbons to their bun.

19. Caddo transportation • The Caddo preferred to travel by land but also made dugout canoes out of logs for travel by water.

20. What kind of food did the Caddo eat? • The Caddo Indians were farmers and hunters. • They grew corn, beans, pumpkins and sunflowers. • They hunted deer, buffalo and small game and fished.

21. Tools used by the Caddo • To hunt they used bows and arrows • They also made axes with a heavy stone head to chop wood. • When they fought other people, they used their bows and arrows and their tomahawk. Caddo ax

22. Caddo homes • Caddo homes were tall, dome-shaped grass houses. Sometimes they were so large, 30 people could live in them!

23. How were Caddo children raised? • Caddo children were busy doing chores for the family. They did not have much play time. • They did play with dolls and toys. A game they played was trying to throw a dart through a moving hoop. (hoop dart anyone?)

24. Caddo art • The Caddo people were famous for their pottery.

25. Caddo music The favorite Caddo musical instrument is the drum. As drums are played, other Caddo dance and sing.

26. Caddo Indian legends and folklore • One story is called, “Village Boy and Wild Boy.” It is about mythical twins whose mother was killed by a monster. • Another story is called “Coyote.” It is about a tricky figure who gets involved in different forms of mischief!

27. What was their language? As with the Caddo Indians, the Osage speak English today, but there is a renewed interest in learning the Osage language which is part of the Dhegihan language group. Next is the Osage!

28. Osage clothing • Osage women wore trade cloth dresses and leggings. • Both men and women wore moccasins and long buffalo hide robes in cold weather. • As with the Caddo, they wore tattoos. Osage women wore clothes similar to this.

29. Osage men • Osage men wore breechcloths and leggings just like the Caddo men did.

30. Hairstyles and headdresses • Osage men either wore their hair long or in a scalplock fashion. • If they had a scalp lock they would sometimes wear a “roach.”

31. Osage Women • Osage women wore their hair braided or tied back with ribbons.

32. Osage transportation The Osage used dogs to carry heavy loads when they traveled. It would look something like this!

33. Osage food • The Osage were big game hunters. They liked to hunt buffalo. Before they had horses, the men would drive the buffalo off a cliff to kill them. • Osage women raised corn, beans, squash and pumpkins.

34. Osage tools and weapons • The Osage used bows and arrows and were known for their excellent long bows. • In battles they also fought with clubs and spears!

35. Osage homes • The Osage lived in settled villages and their homes were called lodges. Lodges were made of elm bark.

36. Music of the Osage • As with the Caddo, the Osage played drums and a flute-like instrument.

37. Osage folklore • A popular story among the Osage is “The Spider and the People.” This story is about how the spider became the symbol for the Osage.

38. The Quapaw language Like the Caddo and Osage Indians, the Quapaw speak English but many also speak their Quapaw language. And now, the Quapaw!

39. What did the Quapaw men wear? • Similarly to other Native Americans, the men wore breechcloths with leather leggings and buckskin shirts. • Men and women both wore moccasins and long buffalo robes in cold weather. • In warm weather, the Quapaw wore less clothing, just like us!

40. Quapaw women • Quapaw women wore long deerskin dresses and wore their hair loose or braided.

41. Quapaw men’s hairstyles and head coverings! • Quapaw men often adorned their heads with a scalplock and wore a “roach” like Caddo and Osage men. • Quapaw Leaders sometimes wore a headdress.

42. Tribal tattoos • Native Americans had special tattoos depending on their tribe and their deeds. • These tattoos had religious significance. tattoos

43. Transportation • The Quapaw knew how to make dugout canoes from cypress trees, but they usually traveled by land. • They used dogs to pull a travois (like a sled) when they traveled by land. (The Osage did this also.)

44. What did the Quapaw eat? • The Quapaw ate basically the same things as the Caddo and Osage. The were farmers and ate corn, beans and squash. • The men provided meat through the hunting of small game and organized buffalo hunts.

45. Tools and weapons • The Quapaw used bows and arrows to hunt and to fight. They also used war clubs and spears. • War clubs could take many different forms.

46. Quapaw homes • Quapaw homes took time to build. They were made of river cane, wood and vines and coated with plaster. The roof was usually made of grass or tree bark.

47. Quapaw children • Quapaw children did the same thing that Caddo and Osage children did. They did chores and sometimes got to play with dolls or play games. • As with other Native Americans, Quapaw mothers carried a young child in a cradleboard on her back. Image is courtesy of the Wisconsin Historical Society, www.wisconishistory.org

48. Art by the Quapaw • This is Quapaw artwork. Here is an example of Quapaw beadwork.

49. Music and the Quapaw • Like the Caddo and Osage, the Quapaw enjoyed music and dancing.

50. Quapaw stories and legends • Storytelling was very important to the Quapaw. One of their stories is about a monster or ogre.