Adjectives

1. Adjectives

2. Adjectives • Adjectives belong to one of two groups. • 1st-2nd declension adjectives • 3rd declension adjectives

3. How to determine the declension of an adjective Here are some adjectives from your new vocabulary list • malus, mala, malum • amicus, amica, amicum • sacer, sacra, sacrum Notice that all these words have an a at the end of the 2nd word. This makes them 1st-2nd declension adjectives.

4. How to determine the declension of an adjective Here are some other adjectives you have NOT been given yet • celer, celeris, celere • brevis, breve • audax, audacis Notice that these words have an –is in one of the forms. This makes them 3rd declension adjectives

5. How to get the base of an adjective • To determine the base of an adjective find either the word ending in a or is and drop off the a or the is • sacer, sacra, sacrum = sacr--- • audax, audacis = audac---

6. 1st-2nd declension Adjectives • All the adjectives in your list are 1st-2nd declension. • The endings for the adjectives are exactly like the noun endings we have learned so far Feminine Masculine Neuter a ae us, er i um a ae arum i orum i orum ae is o is o is am as um os um a a is o is o is

7. Notice the forms are the same as the ones you already have learned a ae ae am a ae arum is as is

8. Notice the forms are the same as the ones you already have learned us, er i o um o i orum is os is

9. Notice the forms are still the same as the ones you have already learned um i o um o a orum is a is

10. So What’s Different? • Notice that the heading for the endings has changed • The endings that match 1st declension are called FEMININE • The endings that match 2nd declension Masculine are called MASCULINE • The endings that match 2nd declension Neuter are called NEUTER

11. FEMININE a ae ae am a ae arum is as is

12. MASCULINE us, er i o um o i orum is os is

13. NEUTER um i o um o a orum is a is

14. A few other terms and grammar points you must know • Adjectives modify nouns • Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in • Gender • Number • Case • These are called the attributes of the adjective

15. Since nouns and adjectives use endings that are the same, for now MOST nouns and adjectives will have the same ending. • BE CAREFUL. There are exceptions to this which we will practice soon. • When we learn 3rd declension NOUNS they will NOT have the same endings, so don’t fall into a false sense of security. • For now MOST endings will look the SAME

16. EXAMPLES • Corneliaestlaeta • Flaviaestlaeta • Sextusestlaetus • Marcusestlaetus • Bellumestlongum

17. You can use any case. • Per magnamsilvamambulatis • Miserisservisauxiliumportamus • Multospueros in oppidovidimus

18. NOTA BENE • Masculine does not have to mean words like boy, king, brother. For example, the word ludus is masculine and it means school or game • Feminine does not have to mean words like girl, queen, sister. For example the word amicitia is feminine and it means friendship

19. So let’s see it done Suppose we want to say happy girls in the accusative pl. 1. Start with the noun – puella 2. Determine the declension and get the base puell (1stdecl) 3. Put the correct ending on puellas 4. Get the base for laetus, laeta, laetum laet Find the feminine plural accusative ending and add it laetas Puellaslaetas - happy girls

20. A note about gender • Most nouns of the 1st declension are feminine • These are the exceptions • agricola • nauta • poeta • All the nouns we will work with in the 2nd declension masculine are masculine • All the nouns of the 2nd declension neuter are neuter

21. More practice Your horses accusative pl. equ tu equostuos os os

22. Another one long message ablative sing. nunti long nuntiolongo o o

23. Try these new house nom. sing. miserable slaves abl. pl. unfriendly boy gen. sing. villanova servismiseris pueriinimici

24. The End