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World War II

World War II. Chapter 10, Section 1. Problems Following World War I and Peace Agreement at Versailles. Of 27 nations present, only Britain, France and the United States had a real say in important decisions. Italy and Japan wanted more land for their sacrifices

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World War II

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  1. World War II Chapter 10, Section 1

  2. Problems Following World War Iand Peace Agreement at Versailles • Of 27 nations present, only Britain, France and the United States had a real say in important decisions. • Italy and Japan wanted more land for their sacrifices • War had left bitterness, anger, frustration, and desire for revenge

  3. Totalitarianism • A theory of government in which a single party or leader controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people. • 20th century phenomenon • More extreme than a simple dictatorship • Characteristics: uses police, terror, spies to enforce power of state; govt. control over media; use of propaganda; uses schools and youth organizations to spread ideology; strict censorship of political rivals • Why was it able to take hold? 1. destruction and bitterness left from WW I 2. desperation caused by Great Depression

  4. Stalin’s rule was a “holocaust of fear” that “victimized tens of millions of people for twenty-five years.”

  5. Joseph Stalin “Man of Steel” • 1920s: Launched a massive drive to transform Soviet industry and agriculture. Ordered collectivization of small farms into huge communal ones. Civil war resulted in deaths of 5-8 million and another 7 mil. from famine (deliberate act of genocide on Ukrainians) • Imprisoned over 28 million Soviet citizens in forced labor camps – over 2 mill. died • Used fear and propaganda to keep power • The Great Terror – 1936-1939: Executed most of the high officers of the Red Army, the Communist Party, economic ministries, minority nationalities Why? Paranoia and thirst for power Commanded the arrests, show trials and executions Number killed from this bet. 1927-1938: 10 million

  6. Ethnic cleansing: Deported 400,000 Volga Germans to Siberia – fear they would support the invading German armies • Deported a million Chechens, Crimean Tatars, Balkars, Kalmiks, and Turks from homelands alleging they had collaborated with Germans. Transported in sealed boxcars, no fresh air, food, sanitation or medical care – 40% died along the way, those who resisted were shot. Ordered execution of 22,000 Poles (4,000 army officers) • After the war: • number of prisoners in camps rose by 1 mil. • fierce attacks on creative artists • deportations of Moldavian and Ukrainian populations • anti-semitic campaigns • 4 mil. Foreign POWs in camps, many died before repatriation which took 10 years

  7. Il Duce – “the leader” of Italy, founder of Fascist Party, and partner with Hitler

  8. Benito Mussolini • Conditions in Italy • Italy did not get land along Adriatic coast after WW I. • Economic depression after war • Communist movement growing • Government seemed weak and inept

  9. How did he acquire power? • Promoted nationalism and promised to make Italy great again – a new Roman Empire • King of Italy feared a revolution, asked Mussolini to form a government 3. Took over the army 4. Took over the press 5. Created a secret police 6. Organized youth groups and indoctrinated them 7. Suppressed strikes 8. Opposed liberalism and socialism

  10. Mussolini’s Empire before World War II begins

  11. Guernica – by Pablo Picasso Depicts bombing of Spanish village by German and Italian planes assisting Franco in Spanish Civil War. Hitler and Mussolini helped in war to test out their new military equipment and tactics.

  12. Black Shirts – followers of Mussolini. Fought in streets against socialists and communists

  13. Mussolini and his lover hung up in Milan after being shot. The bodies will later be spit on, stoned, and trampled. Reason why Hitler asked to have his body burned after he shot himself.

  14. Adolph Hitler's Rise to Power Conditions in Germany 1. Germans resented Versailles Peace Treaty after W.W. I 2. Economy a mess - terrible inflation 3. Weak, ineffective government, many different parties (24), unable to organize

  15. Steps Taken by Hitler to Achieve Third Reich 1. offered simple, clear message, glorification of Germany - Third Reich, Master Race 2. blamed Jews for Germany's problems (scapegoats), mass rallies of hate and glory 3. excellent propaganda methods - controlled media 4. ended depression with massive public-works projects, and rearmament • Nullified (rejected) the terms of the Treaty of Versailles – builds up military 6. set up new German Christian Church (church served Master Race) - "HeilHitler“ replaces "God be with you."

  16. 7. state-controlled education 8. indoctrinated the youth 9. silenced any opposition – secret police 10. set up concentration camps - Jews, gypsies, Slavs, communists, anti-Nazis, physical/ mental defectives tortured and killed 11. formed alliance with Italy and Japan (Axis powers) 12. Called for expansion “Lebensraum” (living space) invaded Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia, Poland 13. World War II begins with invasion of Poland

  17. Mein Kampf – “My Struggle” *His explanation for problems facing Germany and who was to blame – primarily the Jews and communists. *National bestseller *Blueprint of his hatred and plans for world domination. *No one outside of Germany took him seriously yet.

  18. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svg Chart showing number killed in WW II from each country Answer: (Source: Encyclopedia of the Holocaust)Austria 50,000 -- 27.0%Italy 7,680 -- 17.3%Belgium 28,900 -- 44.0%Latvia 71,500 -- 78.1%Bohemia/Moravia 78,150 -- 66.1%Lithuania 143,000 -- 85.1%Bulgaria 0 -- 0.0%Luxembourg 1,950 -- 55.7%Denmark 60 -- 0.7%Netherlands 100,000 -- 71.4%Estonia 2,000 -- 44.4%Norway 762 -- 44.8%Finland 7 -- 0.3%Poland 3,000,000 -- 90.9%France 77,320 -- 22.1%Romania 287,000 -- 47.1%Germany 141,500 -- 25.0%Slovakia 71,000 -- 79.8%Greece 67,000 -- 86.6%Soviet Union 1,100,000 -- 36.4%Hungary 569,000 -- 69.0%Yugoslavia 63,300 -- 81.2%

  19. Japan

  20. Military gains power in Japan – calls for expansionism throughout Asia to solve Japan’s economic problems. Japan did not become a totalitarian dictatorship - continued as constitutional monarchy with weak emperor and a military government under Tojo. Japan attacks Manchuria – becomes a puppet state. Attacks mainland China and then capital city of Nanjing - brutal murder & rape 200,000 “The Rape of Nanjing”

  21. Bombing of Shanghai

  22. Policy of Appeasement • Granting concessions to a potential enemy in the hope that they will maintain peace. • France, Britain and the US hoped Hitler and Mussolini would be satisfied with their acquisitions. • Appeasement only made the fascist leaders bolder and more aggressive. • Why did they do it? 1) WW I was so horrible – did not want another 2) Believed Soviet Union posed greater threat – A strong Germany provided a buffer against Soviets 3) Questioned the resolve of their own people

  23. The Munich Pact – 1938 To preserve peace, the British and French allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland. “Peace for our time” – they were wrong – Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia and war began in 11 months

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