1-must be withen normal body temperature 2-must be clear, strile ,no turbidity &no p.p.t

Parentral fluid therapy 1-must be withen normal body temperature 2-must be clear, strile ,no turbidity &no p.p.t 3-must be injected slowly I/V

A-Electrolytes • Saline solution (0.9%Nacl)→dehydration • Ringer solution(Na,K,Cl&Ca)→diarrhea • Ringer lactate solution(as ringer solution +lactate) B-Glucose or dextrose→for energy supply • 5%→as fluid therapy • 10-25%→as a source of enenrgy and renal wash • 25-40%→in case of ketosis • 50%→as diuretic in case of renal failure C-Antacids *NaHCo3 • isotonic solution (1.3%)→mild acidosis • hypertonic solution (5%)→sever acidosis

D-Mixture of (2 litter of Nacl 0.9% + 1 litter of Kcl 1.1% + 1 litter of dextrose 5%) • in case of abomasal displacement to correct the metabalkalosis,hypokalemia &hypoolic cloremia E-Blood transfusion→in case of sever haemorrhage **technique • the blood must be from the same species,breed&age or from the dam if possible • by 30 min. Before transfusion →inject (50-100ml) of blood S/C to detect the anaphylactic reaction • if no reaction transfere the blood from the donar animal at rate of 1 litter/100 kg B.wt. withen 72 hours ,collecetd on anticoagulant(1/4 gm sodium citrate /100 ml blood) • the blood may be stored in refregerator for 3-4days &filtrated by strile gauze before use

1-must be withen normal body temperature 2-must be clear, strile ,no turbidity &no p.p.t