20 th Century Backgrounder

1. 20th Century Backgrounder

3. World War I (1914-1918) • Triple Entente • France • Great Britain • Russia • Triple Alliance • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Turkey

4. Causes of WWI • Alliance System • Nationalism • Imperialism • Militarism • The Balkans • The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

5. Major Events of WWI • 1914 • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand lead to chain of events which draw all of the major powers into a war. • Battle of the Marne • Trench Warfare begins • Ypres • 1915 • 2nd Battle of Ypres (mustard gas) • Sinking of Lusitania • 1916 • Battles of Verdun, Jutland and the Somme. (Tanks) • 1917 • Zimmerman Telegram – Draws in USA • Russian Tsar abdicates • Bolsheviks take power in Russia – Russia is out of the war • Vimy Ridge • Passchendaele • 1918 • Wilson’s 14 points • German Spring Offensive • Heavy German losses leads to surrender • Armistice – Nov. 11, 11:00 AM, 1918 • 1919 • Treaty of Versailles

6. Trench Warfare

7. Treaty of Versailles • Terms of the Treaty was hard on Germany • Legal Restrictions • War Guilt Clause • Military Restrictions • Army of no more than 100,000 • Navy diminished and no U-boats • No air force • Territorial Changes • Both in Europe and colonies • Demilitarization of Rhineland • Reparations • 300 Billion Reichsmarks

8. Map of Europe Changed

9. Russia  USSR • Bolsheviks take power in 1917 • Bolsheviks slowly take complete control of Russia. • Become the Communist Party • Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) • Leader of the Bolsheviks • Becomes Leader of the USSR • Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) • Leader of USSR after Lenin • Gradually took more power until he became the unchallenged leader • Totalitarian Dictator of the USSR

10. Boom and BustLife after World War One The Roaring Twenties The Great Depression Took place in North America and Western Europe Period of economic , social, and economic prosperity. USA gained dominance in World Finance Stock market crash of 1929 (Black Tuesday) Most severe economic depression of the 20th Century Most countries did not come out of the Great Depression until after World War II

11. Benito Mussolini • Fascist Dictator of Italy • “Il Duce” • One of the founders of Italian Fascism • 1922 March on Rome – Coup d’etat • Led Italy into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany

12. The Rise of Hitler “The one means that wins the easiest victory over reason: terror and force” Adolf Hitler “We must develop organizations in which an individual’s entire life can take place. Then every activity and every need of every individual will be regulated by the collectivity represented by the party. There is no longer any arbitrary will, there are no longer any free realms in which the individual belongs to himself… The time of personal happiness if over.” Adolf Hitler

13. Background – Hitler (1889-1945) • Austrian born dictator of Germany 1933-1945 • Artist in Vienna – absorbed anti-Semitic prejudices. • Volunteered for the German Army in WWI • Won the Iron Cross for Bravery twice • Believed Jews and Communists were responsible for losing WWI.

14. Rise of Nazi Party • 1919 Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers Party • 1920 put in charge of NAZI propaganda • Organized the Munich Putsch of 1923 • Unsuccessful and went to prison – wrote Mein Kamph

15. Mein Kamph (My Struggle • Sought the reunion of the German Peoples that were settled in Poland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia • Hitler wanted to Establish the Third Reich • 1st Carolingian Empire • 2nd Late 19th Century to WWI (Wilhelm and Bismarck)

16. Reasons for the Rise of Hitler • Treaty of Versailles • Economic Ruin and the Great Depression • Anschluss • Fear of Communism • Social Darwinism • Hitler’s Oratory Skills • Failure of the League of Nations

17. Hitler’s Solutions • Overturn the Treaty of Versailles – reclaiming lost territory and canceling all foreign debt • Full employment – through government spending • Eliminate foreign elements (Jews)

18. Timeline after 1930 • 1930’s – Nazi Party the 2nd largest party • Nazis gain 13 million votes • Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor in January 1933 • Reichstag Fire – Excuse to suspend civil liberties – blamed on left-wing opponents • March 1933 – Enabling Act – Gave Hitler complete power • SS expanded from 280 – 50,000

19. Timeline – con’t • 1933 – Dachau opened • 1933 Gestapo established – Himmler • June 30, 1934 – Night of the Long Knives • Hitler purges the party of enemies • 1934 Death of Hindenburg • Hitler become the Fuhrer • 1934-1939 • Expand public works • Economy put in war time • Rearmament • Isolation of the Jews • 1936 Berlin Olympics • Nov. 9 1938 Kristallnact • Night of the Broken Glass • 26,000 Jews arrested • 200 synagogues vandalized

20. Appeasement • Foreign policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany between 1937 and 1939. His policies of avoiding war with Germany have been the subject of intense debate for seventy years among academics, politicians and diplomats. The historian's assessment of Chamberlain has ranged from condemnation for allowing Hitler to grow too strong, to the judgment that he had no alternative and acted in Britain's best interests. At the time, these concessions were widely seen as positive, and the Munich Pact among Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy prompted Chamberlain to announce that he had secured "peace for our time". • The word "appeasement" has been used as a synonym for weakness and even cowardice since the 1930s, and it is still used in that sense today as a justification for firm, often armed, action in international relations

21. Hitler Tests the Waters • 1936 Hitler Rearms the Rhineland • 1938 Anschluss (Union) • Austria is annexed by Germany with no resistance • 1938 Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia • 1938 The remainder of Czechoslovakia • 1939 Chamberlain promised Poland that the UK would declare war on Germany if they are attacked • Non-aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin • Would divide Poland • Germany attack on Poland officially started WWII