20 th Century

1. 20th Century Chapter 21 United States Adventures in Time and Place

2. The Civil Rights Movement • Civil Rights are a citizen’s right to equal treatment under the law. • Segregation – the separation of people, usually based on race or religion. • Neighborhoods, restaurants, trains, buses, schools, hospitals, water fountains, and even cemeteries were segregated. • The quality of segregated places was usually very bad. http://pittsford.monroe.edu/pittsfordmiddle/Phase_8/KHM_webpage/Segregation%202.jpg

3. The Brown Decision • The NAACP began working on stopping segregation in the 1940s. • Thurgood Marshall led the organization’s lawyers, and they won many cases. • Linda Brown’s parents wanted their daughter to receive the best education possible, so they went to court. • The case was called, Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas • May 17, 1954, the court ruled that segregation in public education is not legal. http://www.tolerance.org/images/teach/magazine/25/linda_brown_school1_150x200.jpg

4. The Montgomery Bus Boycott • A black passenger was expected to give up his or her seat to a white passenger. • On Dec. 1, 1955, Rosa Parks boarded a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. • Parks was ordered to give up her seat, but she refused. • Parks was arrested and put in jail. http://www.congressionalgoldmedal.com/RosaParksBus.jpg

5. The Boycott • People were encouraged to stay off busses in support of Ms. Parks. • For about a year hundreds of African Americans refused to use the busses. • Many whites were mad about the boycott and threatened African Americans. • The Supreme Court finally heard Ms. Park’s case and ordered Montgomery to end segregation on its buses. http://www.ket.org/content/civilrights/images/gal01_bus_station.jpg

6. Martin Luther King • In 1955 King became pastor of an African American church in Montgomery. • He organized the bus boycott. • His sermons won both black and white followers. • He stressed nonviolence. • In 1963 King and other leaders called for a march on Washington, D.C. to persuade the federal government to pass a new civil rights law. • More than 250,000 Americans gathered on Aug. 28, 1963 to hear speeches, songs, and prayers. • He’s well known for his “I have a dream” speech. http://cctvimedia.clearchannel.com/wpmi/martin%20luther%20king%20jr.jpg

7. Freedom Summer • In 1960 African American college students from Greensboro, North Carolina, began protesting the segregated lunch counters in the city’s coffee shops and restaurants. • They held sit-ins, which led to the start of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). • During their summer vacation hundreds of college students went to Mississippi to help African Americans register to vote. • These helpers were often beaten or arrested. Three were killed. http://www.american.edu/bgriff/H207web/civrights/sit-ins1963.gif

8. A Civil Rights Law • President Lyndon Johnson pushed for a civil rights law. • In 1964 he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. • This law made segregation illegal in public places, including hotels, theaters, playgrounds, and libraries. • In 1965 he signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which outlawed many actions that kept people from voting. http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/aa/king/aa_king_selma_2_e.jpg

9. A Decade of Change • President Kennedy faced tough decisions – arms race, Cold War, discrimination, and poverty. • Kennedy’s programs, called the “New Frontier,” tried to address some of these problems. The Peace Corps was one of the programs. • Peace Corps - Americans are sent abroad to help provide health care and education to people in poor countries. http://biografie.leonardo.it/img/bio/j/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy.jpg

10. Cuba • Cuba became the first communist country in the Western Hemisphere under Fidel Castro. • In 1961 a group of anticommunist Cubans supported by the U.S. tried to overthrow Castro. They failed. • In 1962 the U.S. learned the Soviet Union was setting up nuclear missiles in Cuba– 90 miles from Florida, and pointed at the U.S. • Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba. • Cuban Missile Crisis – people were afraid we would be attacked. • The Soviet Union backed down and the U.S. agreed to not invade Cuba. • The threat was over. http://home.intekom.com/southafricanhistoryonline/pages/classroom/pages/projects/grade9/lesson4/graphics/map-cuba.jpg

11. Kennedy is Assassinated • On Nov. 22, 1963, Kennedy was traveling with First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in Dallas, Texas. • The top was down on the car so he could be seen. • President Kennedy was shot and killed. • Lyndon B. Johnson was quickly sworn in as president. • Fact: Four presidents have been killed in office: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy. • Fact: There are many theories about who killed Kennedy, but most people say Lee Harvey Oswald. http://www.glynn.k12.ga.us/BHS/academics/junior/durham/nikkih9341/kennedy2.jpg

12. President Johnson • Johnson wanted a “Great Society.” • He wanted to end poverty and racial injustice. • He wanted to provide education and health care to all Americans. • One program was called Medicare. It was meant to help people over 65 pay for their medical care. • During his presidency many riots broke out in many cities across the U.S. because many African Americans believed they were treated unfairly. http://www.cnn.com/US/9606/04/newsbriefs/medicare.jpg

13. “Poor People’s Campaign” • Program started by Martin Luther King, Jr. to end poverty for blacks and whites. • Malcolm X believed change would be faster if African Americans took control of their own lives. At first he did not believe blacks and whites could work together for equality, but later he changed his mind. • Both King and X were shot to death. • FACT: James Earl Ray was convicted of killing King. Hayer, Butler, and Johnson (Members of the Nation of Islam) were convicted of killing X. • Migrant farm workers were discriminated against too – working in harsh conditions for little pay • Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) to peacefully fight for better working conditions. http://biografie.leonardo.it/img/bio/m/Malcolm_X.jpg

14. The Vietnam War • The country of Vietnam was divided in 2. • North Vietnam was communist – supported by the Soviet Union and China. • South Vietnam was a republic – supported by the U.S. • The U.S. feared a victory for the North would eventually lead to the spread of communism. • In 1964 the U.S. got involved in the fighting. • The horrors of war could be watched on TV. America was divided into Hawks and Doves. • Hawks believed the U.S. had to fight, and Doves believed the U.S. should not fight if it’s safety was not threatened. • In 1968 Richard Nixon was elected President, and he began withdrawing troops. • However, he began bombing communist targets and sent soldiers to Cambodia. This angered the Doves. • Over 1 million college students protested. Many colleges were shut down. Some protesters (unarmed) were shot in Kent State. The National Guard said they feared they would be attacked. • In 1973 our fight with North Vietnam was over. • 56,000 Americans died and over 1,000 Americans were still missing in action.

15. Watergate Scandal • In 1974, Nixon was forced to leave office due to the Watergate Scandal (A scandal is an action that brings disgrace). • On June 17, 1972, 5 men were caught in the Watergate building in Washington, D.C. They were spying on Nixon’s political opponent. • Nixon denied involvement, but recordings showed that he was involved and tried to cover it up. • Congress prepared to impeach Nixon, but he resigned from office on Aug. 9, 1974. He was 1st to ever resign. • Fact: Presidents Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton were impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives, but acquitted by the Senate. http://www.glynn.k12.ga.us/BHS/Juniorprojects/Hunt01/erins7272/nixon2.jpg The burglars were "bugging" the building to destroy the campaigns of possible Democratic presidential candidates.

16. New Leaders • Gerald Ford took office after Nixon. • Ford pardoned Nixon – he would not be punished for any crimes. • Many people disagreed with the pardon. • The Watergate Scandal caused many people to lose confidence in the government. • Ella Grasso was the first woman governor elected in U.S. history. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/images/grasso.jpg

17. Women’s Rights • Women won the right to vote with the 19th amendment. • Betty Friedan published a book called “The Feminine Mystique” which questioned women’s traditional roles. • Friedan helped found the National Organization for Women (NOW). • Phyllis Schlafly was a spokeswoman in support of women’s traditional roles. • Shirley Chisholm was the 1st African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. • Sandra Day O’Connor was the 1st woman named to the Supreme Court. http://www.princeton.edu/pr/home/03/1118_oconnor/oconnor2.jpg

18. Equal Rights For All • Maggie Kuhn helped found the Gray Panthers which helped pass a law to protect people over 65 years of age from being forced to retire. • Students at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., helped appoint King Jordan, an educator who was partly deaf, as president. • In 1990 the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) became law. It made it illegal for employers to discriminate against people with disabilities. http://www.seniornet.org/gallery/joan/arts/ae/maggiegrowls/maggiegrowls4.jpg

19. Ending the Cold War • Jimmy Carter was elected in 1976. • Carter helped bring peace in the Middle East. Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty in Washington, D.C. He also signed a treaty with Soviet leaders to limit the building of certain nuclear weapons. • Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1980. He believed in strengthening the U.S. government against the Soviet Union and reducing the role of government in people’s lives. • Regan increased spending on nuclear weapons and other government programs. The national debt tripled. http://66.49.151.193/RONALD%20REAGAN.gif

20. The Iron Curtain is Lifted • The Soviet Union was also spending lots of money on nuclear weapons. • Mikhail Gorbachev took office in March 1985. He gave more freedom to the people. He also worked to improve relations with the U.S. • In 1989 the people of East Germany tore down the Berlin Wall, a structure that symbolized the Iron Curtain. Eastern Communist Berlin and Western Republican Berlin were one again. • Soon, many Communist governments were overthrown. • In 1991 the Cold War was over. The Soviet Union was broken up into 15 independent republics. • These republics faced the challenge of making their economy stronger and more stable. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39937000/jpg/_39937985_ap_berlin203.jpg

21. A New Hope • After the Cold War, the US became the world’s only “superpower.” • President George Bush faced major challenges. • Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invaded the oil-rich country of Kuwait in 1990. • Persian Gulf war of 1991 which lasted 6 weeks. • President Bill Clinton helped end fighting between Israelis and Palestinians. • Clinton also helped our economy. http://www.solarnavigator.net/geography/geography_images/Kuwait_oil_wells_USAF_F-16s_operation_Desert_Storm.jpg

22. Preparing for a New Century • Technology during the 1900s dramatically changed the way we live. • TV, radios, fax machines, videotapes, video games, computers, check-out scanners, etc. • Many changes in technology grew out of competition with Soviet Union. http://www.semicron.com/7870b.jpg

23. Space Race • The competition to gain control of outer space. • Sputnik, the first satellite sent into space by the Soviet Union in 1957. • A Satellite is an object that circles a larger object, such as Earth. • Soviet Cosmonaut sent into outer space 4 years later. http://www.aerospaceguide.net/satellite/sputnik_picture.jpg

24. Americans in Space • 1962 the Mercury Project made John Glenn the 1st to orbit the Earth. • Apollo sought to put a man on the moon. • July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong was the 1st human to set foot on the moon. • “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” • Sally Ride and other Americans use space shuttles to put satellites into outer space. • A Shuttle blasts off a rocket and returns to Earth like an airplane. http://www.greatestcities.com/1240pic/082/CP27082.jpg/Neil_Armstrong.bmp

25. A Better World • Doctors use advances in science and technology to help them search for cures. • Lasers help doctors perform complex operations. • Research in agriculture developed a new type of corn that has more protein. • Wildlife scientists gather information about animals using electronic devices. Maybe they can help endangered animals from becoming extinct. http://www.wildnatureimages.com/A%20to%20C3000/BUFFALO-YNP..jpg

26. The Computer Age http://www.windoweb.it/edpstory_new/foto_storia_computer/eh1940_f15.jpg Earliest computers built in 1940s filled a whole room. In 1970s they were smaller and more powerful, but only big businesses could afford them. By 1980s easy-to-use personal computers, or “PCs,” were being sold.

27. Computers • Bill Gates made software. • His business became one of the largest companies in the world. • Today we travel the “information superhighway.” • Internet started in 1969. • Fact: 1 - Carlos Slim Helu and family $74.0 billion Mexico 2 - Bill Gates, $56.0 billion United States 3 - Warren Buffett $50.0 billion United States http://upload.moldova.org/IT/Faces/bill-gates.jpg