Ch. 25: The Industrial Revolution

Ch. 25: The Industrial Revolution Sec. 1: The Beginnings of Industrialization

Background • Industrial Revolution – A period of increased output of machine made goods • - The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 1700’s • 1700 – small farms dot the English landscape but eventually they were bought out by large landowners who created larger farms

background • Enclosures – larger fields on large farms enclosed by hedges or fences

Jethro Tull • Seed Drill (1701)– invented by Jethro tull (?), it enabled farmers to plant seed more economically and led to greater crop yields

History • - crop rotation also allowed lands to regain nutrients which led to greater yields • - large farms using better technology put small farmers out of work. These out of work farmers would be future factory workers

industrialization • Industrialization – The process of developing machine production of goods • - England was able to take the lead in the Industrial Revolution because they had the factors of production

factors • Factors of production – The resources needed to produce goods and services that the industrial revolution required. • - such as land, natural resources, labor, and capital (wealth for investment and loans). England also had rivers for inland transportation and excellent merchant ships. • - The Industrial Revolution began with improvements in agriculture but industrialization began with the textile industry

textiles • Textiles – clothes, blankets, rugs, towels, etc • - soon textile factories were built. Most were near rivers so that water could be used to power machines

history • - The cotton for British textiles came largely from india, a British colony • - The industrial Revolution led to other inventions as well • - coal power led to the invention of the steam engine

inventions • James Watt – invented the steam engine • Robert Fulton – used the steam engine to build the first steam ship

inventions • - old dirt roads were replaced by rock and gravel roads, graded for drainage, that could be used even during rain

advances • - Railroads were eventually set up using steam powered engines to transport goods more quickly and cheaply than before • - The railroads transformed life in England by moving raw materials, finished products, and people very quickly

Sec. 2: Industrialization

Industrial revolution • - While the industrial revolution brought wealth to England, it also brought problems: • 1. unhealthy working conditions • 2. air and water pollution • 3. child labor • 4. rising class tensions

Child labor

cities • - from 1800-1850 many people left the rural areas seeking jobs in the cities. In England, cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants rose from 22 to 47

cities • Urbanization – city building and movement to the cities • - living conditions and working conditions – read p. 724-725

class • Middle Class – a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers • - In the past, land owners and aristocrats had the wealth, but now factory owners were growing wealthier than either of those groups

class • Working Class– laborers saw little improvement in their living conditions • - many lost their jobs as they were replaced by machines

Positive effects of the industrial revolution • 1. provided jobs • 2. created wealth for the nations • 3. increased the production of goods • 4. improved the standard of living • 5. fostered technological progress and invention

also • 1. improved diets • 2. better housing • 3. cheaper clothing • 4. expanded educational opportunities

workers • - for workers it took longer to see improvements to their lives, but eventually they won • 1. higher wages • 2. shorter hours • 3. better working conditions • 4. formation of labor unions

mills • Case study: The Mills of Manchester – p. 726-727

Sec.3: Industrialization spreads

American industrialization • - great Britain was able to industrialize because it had the perfect conditions. Soon, continental Europe and America followed • - The US had many of the same conditions as great Britain for an industrial revolution • - great Britain tried to keep industrialization secrets to itself but eventually a textile factory was built in Lowell, Mass in 1813

USA • - until the Civil War, the US remained largely agricultural • - after the Civil War the US experienced a technology boom as Britain had (lightbulb, telephone) • - The US had plentiful natural resources such as oil, coal, and iron ore

railroads • - railroads also played a major role in helping cities like Minneapolis and Chicago grow since they were located along railroad lines

cities

corporations • - building a large business required a lot of money. To gain money, many entrepreneurs sold stock • Stock – Certain rights of ownership

business • Corporation – A business owned by stockholders • - stockholders share in the profits but are not personally responsible for its debt • - as stockholders wanted to make money, corporations worked hard to increase production and decrease costs. Often times this affected laborers in a bad way • - stockholders earned profits and corporate leaders made a fortune

Europe • Industrialization in continental Europe – read p. 731-732 • - The nations of Europe and the US grew very strong due to industrialization but non-industrialized nations in Asia and Africa remained agricultural and weak. This led to a large gap between wealthy nations and poor nations • - in addition, imperialism hurt poor nations

imperialism • Imperialism – taking over weaker nations for its natural resources • - The industrial revolution eventually led to social reform

Sec. 4: Reforming the industrial world

background • - in the 1800’s there were two different views about the role of government in industry • 1. Business leaders believed that government should stay out of business and economic affairs • 2. reformers believed government needed to play an active role to improve conditions for the poor

Hand off! • Laissez faire – refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set the working conditions without interference • - the policy favors a free market unregulated by government

stuff • - It is French for “let do” • - supporters believe that government regulations (e.g. tariffs) only interfere with the production of wealth • - they believe that free trade would increase the flow of commerce in the world market

stuff • Adam smith – a professor at the University of Glasgow, he defended free markets based on three natural laws:

laws • 1. the law of self-interest – people work for their own good • 2. The law of competition – competition forces people to make a better product • 3. the law of supply and demand – enough goods would be produced at the lowest price to meet demand in a market economy

capitalism • Capitalism – an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit

capitalism • - many 1800’s capitalists opposed a minimum wage or any government efforts to help poor workers that would affect profits

utilitarianism • Utilitarianism – A philosophy that believes that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

utilitarianism • - This philosophy believes that people should be able to pursue business without state interference, but that workers should not be left to live depraved lives bordering on starvation • - they believed that capitalism was good but it could not be unregulated

socialism • Socialism – The factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

socialism • - socialists believe that the government should plan the economy rather than depending on free-market capitalism to do the job • - they believe that government control and public ownership of factories, mines, railroads, and other key industries would end poverty and promote equality

Karl marx • Karl marx – a german journalist who introduced a radical type of socialism called marxism

Communist manifesto • Friedrich Engels – co-wrote The Communist Manifesto with Marx • - they believed that human societies have always been divided into two warring classes: The haves (employers) and the have nots (workers)

Marx • “the working class has nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!” • - Marx believed that the capitalist system would destroy itself. That workers would revolt and take over factories from owners • - workers, sharing profits, would bring equality for all people • - the workers would eventually control the government and a classless society would develop

Communism • Communism – a form of complete socialism in which the means of production – all lands, mines, factories, railroads, and business, would be owned by the people

Communism • - initially Marx’s ideas drew little attention. But in the 1900’s, revolts in Russia and China would lead to the rise of communism. • - Marx was wrong in his predictions about the fall of capitalism so communism never really caught on world-wide • Workers wanted reform to change the low wages, long hours, and dangerous conditions of their jobs

Ch. 25: The Industrial Revolution