New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

1. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION No fallow  % land used goes from 67  100% Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production 4-field system using turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Can use less fertile lands Crop rotation Keeps land fertile Vastly expanded potential for food prod. Peasants can afford feed for livestock More meat & protein in commoners’ diet Requires large tracts of land to practice Enclosure Movement to enclose large tracts of land Many peasants must leave their lands to move to cities for homes & jobs Dramatic population growth as agric. prod. grows by as much as 2X Affects Br’s population in 2 ways: Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97) Labor supply for Britain’s textile mills (FC.111)

2. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Develop coke from coal for hotter fires Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Invention of a more efficient steam engine by James Watt (1769) Larger bellows  can get hotter fires Finally able to smelt iron completely Ripsaws cut more wood deforest Br. Stronger & more metal for building steam engines Develop steam pumps vs. water seepage in coal mines Spinning Jenny (1760s) Spun 7X threads Flying ShuttleCould double textile prod. British textile prod. & profits soar Need new power source when all waterfront prop. for waterwheels is gone Adoption of the clock in W. Eur. W. Civ’s mechanistic view of the universe Adoption of the clock in W. Eur. W. Civ’s mechanistic view of the universe New textile tech. in Br. to compete vs. cheaper Asian goods Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64) Invention of clock in China (FC.57) Invention of clock in China (FC.57) Basis for the Industrial Revolution (FC. 111)

3. FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750) Population growth  Labor force & mkts for goods Resources for textile mills & markets for goods Develop transp. system: ships & canals Large deposits of coal & iron in N. England Br’s excellent waterways & trade position Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to invest in new business & tech. (FC.96) Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C) New agricultural tech’s (FC.109) New steam & textile tech. (FC.110)) Bank of Eng Money to invest (FC.96C) Ind. Rev. starts in Britain, putting it well ahead of the rest of the world Steamships & RRs Tie continents & globe more tightly together (FC.112) Virtual explosion of new tech’s, esp. after creation of research labs (FC.117) Gradual improvement in women’s status (FC.114) Drastic changes in soc. & family structure (FC.113) Powerful forces & effects of Ind. Rev. spread across globe (FC.116)

4. FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) Efforts to create steam locomotive More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Serious shortage of horses Growing government involvement in: Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops 1st working locomotive (1804) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)

5. FC.113 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Rising standard of living by 1900: Mass migration to urban areas  New cities rise up quickly Village network of friends & relatives is replaced by: Nucl. Fam. in city w/less family & commun. support Growing reform movements by: Real wages double by 1900 Work separates fam’s from home & each other Dramatic pop. growth Relatives & friends tend to migrate to same cities People crowded together in tenements Some family & community ties are maintained Truly nuclear fam’s isolated from relatives & neighbors by distance & private property Longer life expectancy Industrial Revolution (FC.111) Housing shortage after WWIIFam’s move to separate homes in suburbs(FC.142) Awful working conditions Awful living conditions Growing social problems including crime, alcoholism & drugs Rapid advances in public health & medicine (FC.117) Rapid advances in public health & medicine (FC.117) Growing reform movements by some fact. owners, govt., & workers org. into unions

6. FC. 114 THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT I (c.1800-1920) Women compete w/men for jobs Many women pushed out of “male” occupations Late medieval women’s relatively higher status (FC.71A) Traditional gender roles Strong resistance to change (FC.6) Enl. ideas & Fr. Rev. Hopes for women’s rts. Crushed by Napoleon & afterwards Greater differentiation b/w sexes in 1800s (FC.100A) Ind. Rev Less need for men’s phys. strength (FC.111) Ind. Rev Less need for men’s phys. strength (FC.111) IRConsumersoc.MC women at home do the shopping  Targeted by advertisers IndRevLiterateMC women at home get involved in charitable causes Women’s greater visibility & status in soc. More educ. women“female” jobs as teachers, secr’s, etc. More soc. mobility w/sports & less confining fashions Realize they can fight for their own rt’s: World War I  Women more essential to econ. (FC.127) World War I  Women more essential to econ. (FC.127) Growing support for women’s rights Women win vote in many developed countries by 1925, but continue to struggle through 1900s for econ. & soc. equality (FC.148A)

7. FC. 115 THE MARXIST VIEW OF HISTORY & ITS IMPACT Transitional govt. that will eventually evolve into ideal socialist society: Some owners survive while others don’t  Increasingly smaller class of owners who individually are much richer To stay competitive, they invest in more efficient, but expensive machinery  Must layoff workers No social classes or conflicts No need for govt., family, or religion No private property Marxism successful in some ways but not in others: Pointed out the role of economics & class struggle in history Marxist rev’s happened in pre-indus., not ind. soc’s Caused many govt. reforms both for & vs. Marxism Indiv. genius, greed, stupidity, etc. not accounted for Growing class of poor unable to support themselves or capitalist econ  Workers’ rev. overthrows capitalism. Owners charge more for their goods than they paid MARX SEES HISTORY AS EVOLVING THROUGH A SERIES OF ECONOMIC STAGES CHARACTERIZED BY CLASS STRUGGLES: Primitive society w/o any excess wealth  no class conflicts Pre-indus. soc’s w/growing distinctions b/w classes & conflicts over wealth Indus. Capitalist soc. w/new social problemsconflict b/w owners & workers

8. FC. 116 INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS BEYOND BRITAIN (1850-1900) W. Eur., U.S., & Japan industrialize, typically starting w/railroads Econ. disunity & Internal tolls in other countries Br. industries far ahead of rest of the world because: Br. compet. drains needed $ from other countries Industrial Revolution spreads to W. Eur. & U.S. because: France: Nap. III develops RR’s & then industries, harbors & foreign trade U.S.: Vast resources & trans-continent. RR  Rapid ind. growth Germany: Unific.  Rapid indust. growth Passes Br. steel prod. & RR mileage Indust. Rev. in Britain. (FC.111) Others fear abuses & squalor of Ind. Rev. Coal & iron isolated from each other in other countries Britain tries to keep its technology secret Br. invests in cheaper for. ind’s & RR’s Geog. proximity & common history of tech. W. Eur. & U.S. must compete vs. cheaper Br. goods Br. tech. leaks out to other countries Japan: rapidly industrializes after being forced open to trade by U.S., (FC.125) Belgium: small size & closeness of coal & iron resources  1st in Eur. to indust. Competition for mkts & resources Eur., U.S. & Japan expand into Asia & Africa (FC.122) Growing tensions that erupt into WWI when there are no more areas for expansion (FC.126)

9. FC. 116A ‘THE ONGOING CYCLE OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION As a nation industrializes Higher cost of labor & living as econ. grows Less competitive in international mkts Build factories in non-ind. nations with cheap labor Ind. Rev. spreads to W. Eur., U.S., & Japan after 1850 Ind. Rev. spreads to E. Asian “Mini-dragons” after 1945 Ind. Rev. spreads to China, SE Asia, & India after 1990

10. FC.117 ACCELLERATING TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH (c.1850-1900) Incentive to create new products Sales, production & employment rise Growing complexity of tech. separate from science Growing complexity of science separate from technology New philosophies that challenge traditional beliefs Ind. Rev  Higher standard of living Ideas for ever more inventions Far reaching economic, political & philosophical effects: Indus. states exert unprecedented power over their people Global econ. interdependence  Polit. interdep. Govt’s & corporations invest in research labs that fuse science & technology Birth of Ind. Rev. (FC.111) Birth of Scient. Rev. (FC.97) Ever faster pace of new inventions Transportation: RR’s, steamships, cars & airplanes drastically cut travel time New energy sources: Oil & electricity (which transfers energy over long distances) Communications: Telegraph, radio, & telephone cut time of comm’s from months to minutes Agriculture: Chem. fertilizers, tractors, mech. reapers & combines  Better fed popul’s Chemical indus.: Bleaches, dyes, soaps, veg. oils, & 1000’s of new products. Medicine: Anesthesia, germ theory & aseptic procedure  Cure &/or prevent many diseases Building mater’s: steel & concrete  Skyscrapers & much longer bridges

11. FC.117A THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN SURGERY Discovery of anesthetic properties of ether & chloroform in 1840s  Painless surgeries Discovery of penicillin in WWII allows Dr’s to halt internal infections w/o surgery Few willing to undergo surgery Ltd research & knowledge Nothing to kill pain in surgery Taboos vs. surgery & dissection (FC.98) (FC.98) Growing number of surgeries  Growing number of infections from surgeries Pasteur’s germ theory links microbes to disease & infection (1864)  Aseptic procedure where everything in the operating room is sterilized More problems from blood lossRandom blood transfusions  Many patients die until blood typing is discovered

12. FC.117B AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Incentive to create new prod’s Research labs Higher stand. of living after initial decline Profusion of new tech’s Drastic changes in people’s lives: Higher standard of living Impers. urban soc + sep. of home & work Nucl. fam. More sales More Jobs More $ in economy Awful work cond’s Reforms Global economic & political interdependence Raise production RR’s, steamships & telegraph Dev. cont. interiors & link mkts, fact’s & resources Growing power of the indus. state due to: Govt’s fund RRs, & est. stand. gauges & safety rules Need to regulate growing interdep. within & b/w nations Power & expense of mod. weapons only it can afford Various psychological effects: Need to protect people from rich & powerful Women win the vote More educ. women Rising status as seen in: Need to help poor where church & family used to Ind Rev starts in Britain (FC.111) Railroads (FC.112) Accelerating pace of tech. change (FC.117) Impact on women (FC.114) Social effects (FC.113) More soc. mobility & freer fashions More women in workforce More money and influence World seems smaller & more impersonal Longer livesLess religious & more materialistic Marxism as reaction vs. industrial conditions (FC.115) Outsourcing cycleind. Rev. spreads across globe (FC.116)

13. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s

14. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture?

15. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production

16. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

17. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

18. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

19. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

20. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

21. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

22. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

23. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

24. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

25. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

26. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

27. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? No need for fallow & it made previously marginal land useful -> Can raise livestock-> More protein in diet-> more populous & healthier population All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

28. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? No need for fallow & it made previously marginal land useful -> Can raise livestock-> More protein in diet-> more populous & healthier population 6) Problem this system caused & solution? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

29. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? No need for fallow & it made previously marginal land useful -> Can raise livestock-> More protein in diet-> more populous & healthier population 6) Problem this system caused & solution? It required large tracts of land-> Enclosure movement All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

30. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? No need for fallow & it made previously marginal land useful -> Can raise livestock-> More protein in diet-> more populous & healthier population 6) Problem caused by this new system and its solution? It required large tracts of land-> Enclosure movement 7) Two results of the Enclosure movement? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

31. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? No need for fallow & it made previously marginal land useful -> Can raise livestock-> More protein in diet-> more populous & healthier population 6) Problem caused by this new system and its solution? It required large tracts of land-> Enclosure movement 7) Two results of the Enclosure movement? Population growth & those people displaced from land migrated to cities-> Labor source for factories All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock

32. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION No fallow  % land used goes from 67  100% Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production 4-field system using turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Can use less fertile lands Crop rotation Keeps land fertile Vastly expanded potential for food prod. Peasants can afford feed for livestock More meat & protein in commoners’ diet Requires large tracts of land to practice Enclosure Movement to enclose large tracts of land Many peasants must leave their lands to move to cities for homes & jobs Dramatic population growth as agric. prod. grows by as much as 2X Affects Br’s population in 2 ways: Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97) Labor supply for Britain’s textile mills (FC.111)

33. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Develop coke from coal for hotter fires Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Invention of a more efficient steam engine by James Watt (1769) Larger bellows  can get hotter fires Finally able to smelt iron completely Ripsaws cut more wood deforest Br. Stronger & more metal for building steam engines Develop steam pumps vs. water seepage in coal mines Spinning Jenny (1760s) Spun 7X threads Mech. handloom (1733) Could double textile prod. British textile prod. & profits soar Need new power source when all waterfront prop. for waterwheels is gone Adoption of the clock in W. Eur. W. Civ’s mechanistic view of the universe Adoption of the clock in W. Eur. W. Civ’s mechanistic view of the universe New textile tech. in Br. to compete vs. cheaper Asian goods Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64) Invention of clock in China (FC.57) Invention of clock in China (FC.57) Basis for the Industrial Revolution (FC. 111)

34. VIDEO ART QUIZ!!!! IDENTIFY THE ARTIST AND SUBJECT OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PAINTINGS

36. The Third of May by Francisco Goya

38. The Gleaners by Millet

39. Title & artist of this painting and what was the story behind it?

40. The Raft of the Medusa by Theodore Gericault. After the shipwreck of the Medusa, sailors in the lifeboat cut the rope towing 150 passengers, most of whom died before being rescued.

42. Woman with a Parrot by Eugene Delacroix Woman with a Parrot by Gustave Courbet

43. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution

44. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution?

45. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels

46. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine?

47. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine? Hiero of Alexandria

48. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine? Hiero of Alexandria ECT: Three arrangements of the waterwheel and their relative efficiencies?

49. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine? Hiero of Alexandria ECT: Three arrangements of the waterwheel and their relative efficiencies? Horizontal (10%), Vertical undershot (20-30%), and Vertical overshot (50-70%)

50. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine? Hiero of Alexandria ECT: Three arrangements of the waterwheel and their relative efficiencies? Horizontal (10%), Vertical undershot (20-30%), and Vertical overshot (50-70%) ECT: Discuss a letter to the emperor Tiberius& his reply.