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Paths to War

Paths to War. Ch 19 Sec 1. Review. Mid-1930s Germany and Italy focused on military conquest Major democracies distracted by Depression Countries look to League of Nations to maintain peace Japan moves towards military rule. European Aggressors on the March .

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Paths to War

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  1. Paths to War Ch 19 Sec 1

  2. Review • Mid-1930s • Germany and Italy focused on military conquest • Major democracies distracted by Depression • Countries look to League of Nations to maintain peace • Japan moves towards military rule

  3. European Aggressors on the March • European Fascists encouraged by League of Nations failure in Japan • Mussolini invades Ethiopia • Hitler violates Treaty of Versailles • Civil War Erupts in Spain

  4. Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia • Mussolini invades Ethiopia in Oct 1935 • Spears and swords no match for planes, tanks, guns, and gas • Ethiopian emperor appeals to League • Condemns action but does nothing to help • British let Italians use Suez Canal • British and French hoped to keep peace in Europe

  5. Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty • Provisions of Treaty • Limited size of German army • Created Rhineland • Buffer between Germany and France • Hitler ignored provisions • Moved troops into Rhineland (March 7, 1936)

  6. Britain responds • Appeasement? • Giving in to an aggressor to keep peace • Let Hitler build army and invade Rhineland • Would keep France and Britain out of war with Germany • Hitler admitted he would have backed down if they challenged him

  7. Rhineland occupation was turning point • Strengthened Hitler’s power and prestige • Shifted balance of power in Germany’s favor • France and Belgium open to attack • Hitler encouraged by weak response • Sped up expansion ideas

  8. Axis Powers • Mussolini seeks alliance with Hitler • Oct 1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis • November 1936 – Germany makes agreement with Japan – Comintern Pact • Germany, Italy and Japan become Axis Powers

  9. Civil War in Spain • 1936 – Francisco Franco leads revolt in Spain • Favored Fascism • Begins three year civil war • Hitler and Mussolini send aid to Franco and Nationalists • Troops, tanks, airplanes • Western democracies remained neutral • 1939 – Franco becomes Fascist dictator of Spain

  10. Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace • US Follows Isolationist Policy • Belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided • Entry into WWI was a mistake • 1935 Neutrality Acts • Banned loans and the sale of arms to nations at war

  11. The German Reich Expands • Nov 5 1937 Hitler announces plan for Third Reich • Wanted to absorb control of Austria and Czechoslovakia • Violated Treaty of Versailles • Forbade union of Austria and Germany

  12. March 1938 Hitler invades and annexes Austria • September 1938 demands Sudetenland be given to Germany • Western border regions of Czechoslovakia • Czechs refuse and ask French for help

  13. Munich Conference • September 29, 1938 - Germany, France, GB, Italy • British PM Neville Chamberlain believes he can maintain peace by giving in • Britain and France agree Hitler can take Sudetenland • Hitler agreed to respect Czech borders • 6 months later Hitler invades Czechoslovakia

  14. Nazis and Soviets • USSR approached to help Britain and France stop Hitler • Hitler bargained with Stalin • Publicly pledged never to attack one another • Offered eastern Poland and the Baltic states • Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact signed August 23, 1939

  15. Japan Seeks an Empire • 1920s – Japanese gov’t more democratic • 1922 signs treaty with China to respect borders • 1928 signs Kellogg-Briand Pact • War no longer used to solve problems

  16. Weaknesses of Democracy • Limits on power of prime minister and cabinet • Civilian leaders had little control over military • Military leaders reported only to emperor

  17. Militarists Take Control of Japan • Japanese blame gov’t for Great Depression • Military leaders wanted traditional control given to military • Made emperor symbol of state power • Keeping Hirohito won popular support for army leaders

  18. Extreme Nationalists • Economic problems solved through expansion into Pacific

  19. Japan Invades Manchuria • Northeast province of China • Rich in iron and coal • 1931 seized by Japanese army • Set up puppet government • Built mines and factories • League of Nations protested • Japan left league in 1933

  20. Japan Invades China • 1937 – Border dispute sets off war w/China • Chinese military no match for Japanese • Chinese military larger • Japanese better equipped and better trained • Chinese focused on Communist threat from within

  21. The New Asian Order • Japan would establish new system of control in Asia • Japan, Manchuria, China • Japan guiding Asian neighbors to prosperity

  22. Plan to conquer Siberia • 1930s - Japan begins to cooperate w/Nazis • Believed the two countries would launch attack on USSR • Nonaggression Pact changed that idea • Japan looks to Southeast Asia for empire

  23. Japan Launches Attack • Attack to South would anger colonial empires • Mainly US • 1940 – Japan demands right to exploit economic resources in French Indochina • US objects • Would apply economic sanctions unless Japan withdrew

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