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Evolution and Significance of Immunology Through History

Explore the captivating history of immunology, from ancient Chinese preventive methods to modern vaccinations. Learn about the innate and adaptive immune systems, antibodies, T cells, and their crucial roles in recognizing and combating pathogens.

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Evolution and Significance of Immunology Through History

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  1. Immunology Chapter 1 Dr. Capers IRSC

  2. History • Discipline of immunology grew out of observation that individuals who recovered from infectious diseases were protected from disease • 15th Century • Chinese and Turks tried to prevent smallpox • Dried crust from pustules were inhaled or inserted into small cuts • 1718 • Lady Montagu had that technique done in her children

  3. History • 1798 • Edward Jenner • Noticed that milkmaids that contracted cowpox were immune to smallpox • Innoculated small boy with fluid from cowpox pustule • He then intentionally infected the boy with smallpox – the child did not develop smallpox • 1881 • Louis Pasteur • Vaccinated sheep with heat-attenuated anthrax • Then infected sheep with virulent strain of anthrax – they did not develop anthrax

  4. History • 1883 • Metchnikoff demonstrated that certain white blood cells were able to phagocytize microorganisms • 1901 • Von Behring and Kitasato • Demonstrated that serum (noncellular component of blood) from animals immunized to diptheria could transfer that immunity to non-immunized animals

  5. History • 1977 • Last known naturally acquired case of smallpox • Is it still a threat? • In industrialized nations, measles, mumps, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, and diptheria are extremely rare or nonexistent • This is due to vaccines! • Prevent death, paralysis, deafness, blindness, mental retardation

  6. A Little Bit of History

  7. Immune system evolved to protect multicellular organisms from pathogens • Does this by 2 related activites • Recognition and response

  8. Couple of terms we need to be familiar with: • Pathogen – something that causes disease • Antigen – any foreign substance that binds specifically to an antibody or T cell receptor • Immunogen – a substance capable of eliciting an immune response • All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens (i.e. haptens) • Epitope – portion of the antigen that is recognized by an antibody or T cell receptor

  9. 2 Systems of Immunity • Innate Immunity • 1st line of defense • Molecular and cellular mechanisms deployed before an infection • Distinguishes between self and pathogens but not specialized to distinguish small differences in the foreign particles • Adaptive Immunity • Develops in response to infection • Adapts to recognize, eliminate, and remember pathogen

  10. Innate Immunity • Less specific • 1st line of defense • Barriers that protect host • Skin • Acidity of stomach • Lysozymes in fluids • Phagocytic cells • Antimicrobial peptides (interferons, complement) • Temperature

  11. Adaptive Immunity • Highly specific • Characteristic attributes • Antigenic specificity • Antibodies can distinguish between 2 proteins that differ in only 1 amino acid • Diversity • Immunologic memory • Self-nonself recognition

  12. Adaptive Immunity • Effective adaptive immune response involves 2 groups of cells • Lymphocytes • B cells • T cells • Antigen-presenting cells

  13. Adaptive Immunity - Lymphocytes • B cells • Mature in bone marrow • Antigen binding receptor – Antibody • Glycoproteins

  14. Adaptive Immunity - Antibodies • Glycoproteins • Structure • 2 identical polypeptides – heavy chains • 2 shorter identical polypeptides – light chains

  15. Antibodies • Antigen coated by antibody is eliminated in several ways • Antibody can cross-link several antigens, making it easier to be ingested by phagocytic cells • Activate complement system resulting in lysis of microorganism

  16. Adaptive Immunity - Lymphocytes • T cells • Arise in bone marrow but mature in thymus • 2 well define subpopulations of T cells • T helper cells • T cytotoxic cells

  17. T cells recognize antigen presented in MHC molecule • MHC = Major Histocompatibility Complex • MHC Class I – found on all of our nucleated cells • Cytotoxic T cells recognize this • MHC Class II – found on antigen presenting cells (B cells, dendritic cell and macrophages) • Helper T cells recognize this

  18. T cells • Cytokines secreted by TH cells can activate phagocytic cells • TC cells can kill altered self-cells • Cells infected by viruses • Tumor cells

  19. Antigen presenting cell associating with T cell

  20. Initial encounter with antigen causes primary response • Later contact with antigen will result in more rapid response – secondary response

  21. Immune Dysfunction • Allergies and Asthma • Graft rejection • Autoimmune Disease • Immunodeficiency

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