CHAPTER 19 Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life

1. CHAPTER 19Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life By AEB

2. Old (5) Kingdoms • Protista • Plantae • Animalia • Fungi • Monera

3. New vs Old Kingdoms • Protista Protista • Plantae Plantae • Animalia Animalia • Fungi Fungi • Archaebacteria Monera • Eubacteria Monera

4. Question 1 Monera was replaced by what two kingdoms?

5. Archaebacteria Eubacteria

6. Four of the kingdoms includeEukaryotes and two include prokaryotes. • Cell type / body form / food getting methods / presence of complex organ systems are characteristics used to differentiate between kingdoms.

7. Three Domains • Domain Bacteria - Eubacteria • Domain Archae - Archaebacteria • Domain Eukarya - Plants /Animals /Protists /Fungi

8. Hierarchy • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum - (Plants – division) • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

9. Kingdomsare the broadest group • Species is the most inclusive. • Phyla are a subgroup of Kingdom • Class is a subgroup of phyla • Order is a subgroup of ??? • Family is a subgroup of ??? • Genus is a subgroup of ??? • Species is a subgroup of ???

10. answers • Order is a subgroup – class • Family is a subgroup of order • Genus is a subgroup of family • Species is a subgroup of genus/genera

12. Most biologists use the six kingdoms into which they organize all living things • All organisms in the Plantae & Animalia kingdoms are multicellular • Organisms in the kingdoms Archaebacteia, Eubacteria, and Protista can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

13. Some kingdoms are only unicellular. • Some kingdoms are only multicellular • Some kingdoms are both unicellular & multicellular.

14. Characteristics used to classify Eubacteria vs Archaebacteria • Type of cell wall • Gene structure • RNA • Environments

15. Traditionally, bacteria have been classified mostly by their • Shape • Cell wall • metabolism

16. Bacteria are involved in the recycling of the following: • Carbon • Nitrogen • Phosphorus

17. Some heterotrophic bacteria are capable of living in the absence of • Oxygen

18. Eubacteria – True bacteria Eubacteria – larger of the 2 Ex. Cyanobacteria – put oxygen into the atmosphere Cyanobacteria - make their own food using carbon dioxide , water, and sunlight. (Like Plants)

19. Archaebacteria- Ancient Ones The conditions in which these bacteria live are similar to those conditions found on Earth during early history. Live in salty environments (Dead Sea) Acidic or hot environments Hot springs Muddy swamps, intestines of cattle NOT in freshwater ponds. http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078617022/164155/00044676.html

20. Archaebacteria • Prokaryotes • Heterotrophs and Autotrophs • Unicellular • No complex organ systems • Cell walls that lack peptidoglycan • Unique RNA

21. Archaebacteria • Types of Archaebacteria • Methogens – swamp gas / sewage • Extremophiles – extreme environments • Thermophiles – live in hot places 100 C • Haliophiles – live in salty places / acidic places / under great pressure

22. Complex MulticellularityPg 419 • Cell – basic unit of structure • Tissue – group of similar cells • Organ – group of different tissues • Organ System- group of organs • Organisms – group of organ systems • Differentiation- process by which cells become specialized in form and function.

23. Kingdom Protistamost DIVERSE kingdom • Eukaryotes • Unicellular & Multicellular • Amoeba – moves using pseudopodia • Paramecium – moves using cilia • Euglena – Moves using flagella • Photosynthetic Algae

24. Common examples of Protists • Slime molds • Diatoms • Algae • Protozoan (ameba/paramecium/euglena)

25. Kingdom Plantae • Eukaryotes • Plants are multicellular autotrophs. • Plants have cell walls made of cellulose • Some are nonvascular • Some are vascular – most plants are vascular • Primary producers in a terrestrial food web.

26. Kingdom Plantae cont. • Complex organ systems • Release the major gas – oxygen • Carry out both photosynthesis & respiration

27. Kingdom Fungi • Eukaryotes • Heterotrophs • Cell wall made of chitin • No complex organ systems

28. Plantae Kingdom • Two major groups of plants • Non-vascular • Vascular • Non-vascular • Plants without vessels to transport water and nutrients • Vascular • Plants with vessels to transport water and nutrients

29. Examples of Vascular Plants • Fern • Flowers • Pine Tree • Examples of Nonvascular Plants • Mosses • Liverworts • Hornworts

30. NonvascularPlants • Lack vascular tissues (no xylem or phloem) • Lack true roots / stems / leaves • Do NOT grow tall. • Only a few cm (inches tall) • Must live in moist habitats or near water MOSS- most common

31. How do the cells of nonvascular plants get water and nutrients if they do not have vessels?

32. Answer Each cell absorbs water and nutrients on its own by the processes ofosmosis and diffusion.

33. VascularPlants • Tissues that transport water & nutrients • Xylem – transports water • Phloem – transports nutrients • Sugars / dissolved minerals

34. Vascular Two groups Seedless vascular Seed bearing vascular

35. Seedless vascular • FERNS • Have vascular tissues • Have true roots / stem / leaves • Cuticle – waxy covering that helps prevent water loss • Reproduction – by producing spores

36. Seed bearing vascular Two groups • Nonflowering or Gymnosperms • Flowering or Angiospems

37. Non flowering vascular • Gymnosperms: main type • Oldest trees alive aregymnosperms • Vascular plants that produce seed that are not protected by fruit. Do notproduce flowers. • Means “naked seed” • Leaves needle-like or scale-like • Evergreens

38. Vascular Flowering • Angiosperms • vascular plant that flowers and produces fruits with one or more seeds • Produce seeds in fruits. • The most common type of plants on Earth • Flowers: • Some flower parts develop into a fruit

39. Kingdom Animalia • - Eukaryotes • - Complex • - Multicellular • - Heterotrophs • - Lack cell wall • - Capable of movement

40. Animalia • Two major groups • Invertebrates • Vertebrates

41. InvertebratesAnimals lacking (with out) a back bone • Sponges • Worms (flat /round/segmented) • Arthropods 2/3 of all named species of animals are arthropods • Mollusks( snails / squids / clams) • Cnidarians( jelly fish / sea anemones / corals) • Echinoderms ( sea stars / sand dollars )

42. Vertebrates • Animals with a backbone • Fish • Amphibian • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

43. Plants Vs Animals • Plants – multicellular autotrophs • Animals – multicellular heterotrophs • Plantshave cell walls • Animals do NOT have cell walls • Plants have chloroplasts • Animals do NOT have chloroplasts