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Explore the definition, types, and components of motivation alongside essential theories like instinct, drive reduction, and arousal theory. Delve into humanistic and psychoanalytic views, incentive theory, and cognitive perspectives questioning task feasibility, desire, and success strategies.
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By Ibtihal M.A. Ibrahim Lecturer Psychiatry- Mansoura University
Drive reduction theory • The tendency of the individual to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs (drives). • This theory is useful in explaining behaviors that have a strong biological component e.g. hunger or thirst.
Arousal theory • We are driven to maintain a certain optimal level of arousal in order to feel comfortable. • Arousal refers to a state of emotional, intellectual and physical activity. Too high A person would probably look for ways to relax Too low A person may watch an exciting movie or climb mountains
Psychoanalytic theory Two basic drives Life Death
Humanistic theory • Abraham Maslow (1954) proposed that human beings are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs, from thosethat are basic for survival up to those that promote growth and self enhancement
Incentive theory • In contrast to the notion that people are “pushed” into action by internal needs, many motivation psychologists believe that people are often “pulled” by external goals, or incentives. According to incentive theories of motivation, any stimulus object that people have learned to associate with positive or negative outcomes can serve as an incentive—grades, money, respect, ice cream, a pat on the back, or relief from pain. People are motivated to behave in certain ways when they expect that they can gain the incentive through their efforts and when they value that incentive
Cognitive theories (3Q) Q1: can I do this task?
Cognitive theories Q2: Do I want to do this task and why?
Cognitive theories Q3: what do I have to do to succeed in this task?
